the meaning of an idiomatic expression cannot be transparently worked out from the meanings of its constituent words due to its figurative and unpredictable nature. consequently, the syntactic composition and the structural paradigm of an idiomatic expression are supposed to be the same in every context. however, this is not the case in the institutionalized second language varieties of english...

We determined with anisotropic hypernetted chain theory the effective pressure and counterion excess of two oppositely charged surfaces immersed in an electrolyte solution. These thermodynamic properties are enhanced in surfaces with evenly smeared surface charges with respect to those containing confined mobile charges. For low surface charges and moderate reservoir salt concentration ions are...

Membrane fouling persists to be among key obstacles in liquid membrane-based separation processes, and thereby the underlying understanding has actively been pursued. The two gaps attempted addressed here are namely, (i) internal fouling, which limited studies due limitations of instruments available; (ii) by mixtures oppositely charged particles, as an extension on effect surface charge pure f...

In order to control aggregation phenomena in suspensions of nanoparticles, one often charges the particles electrically , e.g. by triboelectric charging. Stabilization of suspensions against aggregation of particles is an important issue, which may be realized by monopolar charging,where particles repel each other. Contrarily, bipolar charging may be used in coating processes, where smaller par...

Oppositely directed projections of some homologous neurons in the developing CNS of the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana), such as the AP cells, undergo a form of contact-dependent homolog avoidance. Embryonic APs extend axons within the connective nerve toward adjacent ganglia, in which they meet and form gap junctions (GJs) with the oppositely directed axons of their segmental homologs, stop g...

The bacterial multidrug transporter EmrE is a dual-topology membrane protein and as such is able to insert into the membrane in two opposite orientations. The functional form of EmrE is a homodimer; however, the relative orientation of the subunits in the dimer is under debate. Using EmrE variants with fixed, opposite orientations in the membrane, we now show that, although the proteins are abl...

We study the phase behavior of oppositely charged equal-size hard spheres both theoretically and experimentally, using Monte Carlo simulations and confocal microscopy. In the simulations, two systems are considered: the restricted primitive model (RPM) and a system of screened Coulomb particles. We construct the phase diagrams of both systems by computer simulations and predict a novel solid ph...

As proteins typically have charges of around 10, they will interact strongly with charged surfaces. We calculate the electrostatic contribution to the interaction of crystals of protein with charged surfaces. The surfaces repel like-charged crystals and attract oppositely charged crystals, with free energies that can be easily several kT per protein molecule brought into contact with the surfac...