Many people fail to save what they will need for retirement. Research on excessive discounting of the future suggests that removing the lure of immediate rewards by precommitting to decisions or elaborating the value of future rewards both can make decisions more future oriented. The authors explore a third and complementary route, one that deals not with present and future rewards but with pre...

To view learning and cognition as situated is usually understood to involve rethinking cognitive and learning processes in terms of their framing by context, communication and social practice—in contradistinction to traditional views which focus upon the "isolated, individual subject" in confrontation with a cognitive or learning task. There is, however, a danger in counterposing, in simplistic...

To investigate the neural basis of self-evaluation across time as a function of emotional valence, event-related potentials were recorded among participants instructed to make self-reference judgments when evaluating their past, present and future selves. Results showed that, when evaluating present and past selves, negative words elicited a more positive ERP deflection in the time window betwe...

In his article, the author points out gradual domination of leftists in universities, which eventually affected all American institutions. This is very evident today leftist attitudes media, legal profession, bureaucracy, government, and even clergy. The argues that because this transformation, if one wants to assess state society, must address what has happened universities. As universities ha...

By “essentially embodied Kantian selves,” I mean necessarily and completely rational conscious, self-conscious, sensible (i.e., sense-perceiving, imagining, emoting), volitional or willing, discursive conceptualizing, judging, inferring) animals, persons, innately possessing dignity, fully capable not only of free agency, but also a priori knowledge analytic synthetic truths alike, with egocent...

Some philosophers hold that ‘ought’ is ambiguous between a sense expressing a propositional operator and a sense expressing a relation between an agent and an action. We defend the opposing view that ‘ought’ always expresses a propositional operator against objections that it cannot adequately accommodate an ambiguity in ‘ought’ sentences between evaluative and deliberative readings, predicting...

Moral philosophy in the English-speaking world has been dominated during the present century by the controversy concerning the logical relationship between 'is' and 'ought'. These terms are, of course, to be understood in the present context as shorthand labels. By 'is' is meant any non-moral assertion, that is to say, any utterance which purports to be either true or false and which does not e...

Ethical theorists often assume that the verb ‘ought’ means roughly ‘has an obligation’; however, this assumption is belied by the diversity of ‘flavours’ of oughtsentences in English. A natural response is that ‘ought’ is ambiguous. However, this response is incompatible with the standard treatment of ‘ought’ by theoretical semanticists, who classify ‘ought’ as a member of the family of modal v...