one of the important subjects with regard to general average is the demand for compensation. the substantial question is whether the basis for the permissibility of demand for compensation on the part of the damage sufferer is the incur of peril during a voyage or not? according to the legal systems under the present study (england, france, iran and york-antwerp rules), this research reveals th...

The Earth's climate has experienced dramatic changes over the past 22,000 years; however, the total meridional heat transport (MHT) of the climate system remains stable. A 22,000-year-long simulation using an ocean-atmosphere coupled model shows that the changes in atmosphere and ocean MHT are significant but tend to be out of phase in most regions, mitigating the total MHT change, which helps ...

This paper proposes a new algorithm method for detection and compensation of backlight images. The proposed technique attacks the weaknesses of conventional backlight image processing methods, such as over-saturation and diminished contrast. This proposed algorithm consists of two operational phases, the detection phase and the compensation phase. In the detection phase, we use the spatial posi...

The biggest concern in the use of radio-over-fiber (ROF) links in wireless access is their limited dynamic range due to nonlinear distortion (NLD). In this paper, a higher order adaptive filter based nonlinearity compensation scheme is proposed. Pre-compensation is done for the downlink while post-compensation is done for the uplink to result in asymmetry with respect to complexity. This centra...

OBJECTIVE We examined the difference of the effect by data to revise a gamma camera difference. The difference-correction method of the camera is incorporated in eZIS analysis. METHODS We acquired single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data from the three-dimensional (3D) Hoffman brain phantom (Hoffman), the three-dimensional brain phantom (3D-Brain), Pool phantom (pool) and from ...

Soaring executive compensation during the past two decades has sparked an interest in CEO and other top management pay. We add a long-term perspective to this trend by constructing the first panel dataset to follow the compensation of top executives in large firms from 1936 to the present. The average real value of total compensation experienced three distinct phases: a sharp decline during Wor...

Product Markets and Paychecks: Deregulation's Effect on the Compensation Structure in Banking This paper asks how deregulation intended to promote competition in the commercial banking industry affected the compensation structure for banking employees. Using establishment-based data from the Employment Cost Index Survey of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, I obtain measures of the level and ...

Executive compensation has increased dramatically over the past 15 years, but so has forced CEO turnover. We argue that part of the development of CEO pay can be explained by the adverse consequences that forced turnover implies for a CEO. We find that for the CEOs of the largest US corporations, a one percentage point increase in exogenous turnover risk is associated with $40,000 to $90,000 mo...

In this paper, the adverse effects of variation in operating temperature, on the performance of PM sensors and actuators used in aerospace and military applications, and methods to provide inherent temperature compensation by design, are presented. Unlike the conventional shunt compensation, the proposed method uses the direct leakage path between two neighboring permanent magnets. This novel m...