the concept of countervailing power is a term to describe the situation in which the market power of one side (sellers) may be balanced by the market power of another side(buyers) in a given market. the purpose of this paper is to test this hypothesis and to determine whether the market power of sellers has had a restraining influence on increases in buyer market power in iran’s large industrie...

In recent years, with the world entering era of technology 4.0, e-commerce market has been growing strongly in Vietnam and worldwide. As 2020, Covid-19 pandemic is a catalyst that changes consumers’ shopping behavior. Consumers change from traditional direct to online by platforms. The paper carry out an overview previous studies determine current trend challenges e-commerce. According research...

generally, developing countries are not able to invest enough on r&d; therefore, they try to get benefit from knowledge spillover, as an external r&d.; this paper tries to investigate the impact of r&d; expenditures and imported intermediate goods, as a proxy for technology imports, on value added of iranian industries. to that end, we use a panel data set of iranian two-digit isic manufacturin...

the objective of this research is to explore the effect of international outsourcing on economic growth in asia-pacific countries. accordingly, a panel regression model based on soderbom and teal (2003) is estimated using data of the considered countries over the period 1995-2006. in addition to international outsourcing, the model includes human capital, labor force and physical capital as the...