Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) is a chlorination by-product in finished drinking water and a toxic metabolite of a wide variety of industrial chemicals (e.g. vinyl chloride) and chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide). In this research, the cytotoxic mechanisms of CAA in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated.CAA cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen spec...

BACKGROUND Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a toxic brominated flame retardant. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure of primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) to ≥ 10 μM TBBPA induces toxicity and excitotoxicity, and the underlying mechanism may involve calcium imbalance and oxidative stress. Here we examined whether the application of TBBPA at subtoxic concentration...

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is considered an environmental contaminant. Several sources of human exposure to Cd, including employment in primary metal industries, production of certain batteries, foods, soil and cigarette smoke, are known. Its inhalation has been related to different respiratory diseases and toxic effects, among which alterations of the physiological redox state in...

Cytotoxicity and inflammation-associated toxic responses have been observed to be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro and in vivo respectively. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, has been reported to be beneficial in inflammation-associated diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Their precise molecular mechanisms, how...

Edaravone, an antioxidant and radical scavenger, showed protective effects against oxidative stress-like condition. Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic herbicide considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to PQ toxicity. In this study, protective effect of edaravone against PQ induced toxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in A549 cells and...

Background: Heavy metal containing wastes reaches to the food chain either directly or indirectly. These ingested toxic elements manifest direct impact on the gut ecosystem and its overall functioning. The present study explores the alteration in mice gut bacteria on exposure to mixture of toxic heavy metals through drinking water.  Methods: Twelve experimental groups of Swiss albino male and ...

Aerobic living systems use oxygen (O2) for energy production. However, O2 can become toxic due to the production of reactive species (ROS).
 ROS have complex cell signaling functions, but under an uncontrolled increase in their production, oxidative
 stress (OS) results, which cause damage cellular structures (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Faced with oxidative attack, must establi...

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common and complex neurodevelopmental disorders. They are diagnosed based solely upon behavioral criteria with little to no consideration for potential biomedical underpinnings. Newer evidence, however, reveals that ASD is characterized by oxidative stress, decreased methylation capacity, limited production ...

The aim of the study was to determine toxic effect and dynamics oxidative stress caused by mercury chloride (HgCl2) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighing 59.43 ± 7.21 g.For this purpose, a total 40 fish 4 groups, 10 each group (n = 10), were exposed 25% 50% (137.75 μg/L 275 μg/L) LD50 for 2 7 days. To oxidative/nitrosative stress, Peroxynitrite (ONOOˉ mmol/L), Total Oxidant Level (TOS...