Two overall neutral surfaces with positively and negatively charged domains ("patches") have been shown in recent experiments to exhibit long-range attraction when immersed in an ionic solution. Motivated by the experiments, we calculate analytically the osmotic pressure between such surfaces within the Poisson-Boltzmann framework, using a variational principle for the surface-averaged free ene...

This article describes a brief history of chemical warfare, which culminated in the signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention. It describes the current level of chemical weapons and the risk of using them. Furthermore, some traditional technology for the development of chemical weapons, such as increasing toxicity, methods of overcoming chemical protection, research on natural toxins or the in...

Historically, we have made assumptions. If a screening test for cancer decreases death from the target disease, and there is no obvious signal that any other type of death is increased, we have assumed that overall mortality (OM) is improved. In other words, the heuristic goes, if the trial’s power were larger, we would see this benefit. This reasoning buttresses nearly all widely used screenin...

BACKGROUND Malignant ameloblastoma, comprising metastasizing ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma, represents 1.6-2.2% of all odontogenic tumors. Due to its rare nature, malignant ameloblastoma has only been reported in the literature in small case series or case reports. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database, we have performed a population-based study to dete...

Systematic manipulation of the context for category ratings of psychophysical stimuli has isolated two dominating factors: 1) the range of contextual stimuli, and 2) the relative frequencies of stimuli within this range. The effects of these two factors upon the rating or judgment of any particular stimulus can be described as a weighted average between the proportion of the contextual range an...

Epipolar geometry is a key point in computer vision and the fundamental matrix estimation is the only way to compute it. This article is a fresh look in the subject that overview classic and latest presented methods of fundamental matrix estimation which have been classified into linear methods, iterative methods and robust methods. All of these methods have been programmed and their accuracy a...

The quality of speech samples has been traditionally evaluated in subjective listening tests using 5-point Absolute Category Rating (ACR) scales in Listening Only Tests (LOT) as recommended in ITU-T P.800 [1]. Those tests provide the listening quality aspect of speech quality. There are other tests are under discussion and proposed in order to assess in detail individual perceptual dimensions o...

The gastro-intestinal disorders are the most frequent conditions saw in the gastro-enterology hone. These disorders incorporate gastric tumor, ulcerative colitis, colorectal growth, peptic ulcer, gastroenteritis, an infected appendix and so on and are happening with expanding recurrence. Different elements incorporating changes in nourishment propensities, utilization of medications like cannab...

Safety cases offer a means for communicating information about the system safety among the system stakeholders. Recently, the requirement for a safety case has been considered by regulators for safety-critical systems. Adopting safety cases is necessarily dependent on the value added for regulatory authorities. In this work, we outline a structured approach for assessing the level of sufficienc...