To investigate the lignifications process and its physiological significance under Karnal Bunt (KB), the changes in enzymes responsible for lignifications likes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), were determined in resistant (HD-29) and susceptible genotype (WH-542) of wheat during different developmental stages. The PAL gene was cloned and sequenced. The expression of PAL gene was measured by...

The factors regulating the body's ability to switch from fat to carbohydrate oxidation in response to fuel availability changes, or metabolic flexibility (MF), are currently intensively investigated in the context of metabolic diseases. Although numerous metabolic diseases are associated with sedentary behaviors and metabolic inflexibility, the effect of habitual physical activity level (PAL) o...

BACKGROUND Hearing thresholds of fishes are typically acquired under laboratory conditions. This does not reflect the situation in natural habitats, where ambient noise may mask their hearing sensitivities. In the current study we investigate hearing in terms of sound pressure (SPL) and particle acceleration levels (PAL) of two cichlid species within the naturally occurring range of noise level...

OBJECTIVES One of the reported advantages of digital pleural drainage system is the possibility of predicting the occurrence of prolonged air leak (PAL) based on the recorded pleural pressures and/or air flow through chest tubes. Nevertheless, this fact has never been well supported. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate if the occurrence of PAL can accurately be predicted using cl...

BACKGROUND The goal of this prospective study was to determine risk factors for prolonged air leak (PAL) for patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax. METHODS Between January 2002 and June 2012, a total of 2,292 patients were eligible for enrollment in the study: 1,800 patients had primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 492 patients had sec...

The current document contains a brief description of a system for Reasoning about Actions and Change called PAL (Pertinence Action Language) which makes use of several reasoning properties extracted from a Temporal Expert Systems tool called Medtool.

Mobile and pervasive computing scenarios are characterized by the heterogeneity of mobile devices, network infrastructures, and usage conditions. Hence, automatically recognizing the situation under which a user is accessing a given service is of key importance for adapting that service to the user’s needs, requirements, and expectations. This theme is a hot research topic in the field of conte...

Given a language L that is online recognizable in linear time and space, we construct a linear time and space online recognition algorithm for the language L ·Pal, where Pal is the language of all nonempty palindromes. Hence for every fixed positive k, Pal is online recognizable in linear time and space. Thus we solve an open problem posed by Galil and Seiferas in 1978.