in this study, deinkability of old newspaper by conventional method and the effect of washing, flotation and combined washing/flotation processes were investigated on optical and superficial properties of the produced papers. the results from measuring of the optical and superficial properties indicated that using chemical treatment time of 20 minute and one stage washing resulted the papers wi...

biopolymers are environmental friendly sources as renewable and sustainable substituents for petroleum-based polymers. application of these polymers is common in variety of industries including papermaking. herbalexudate gums have been used in papermaking industry for decades, especially paper recycling. in this study, gum polysaccharide exudates from baridje plant  (ferula gummosa) extracted a...

Examining a state-dependent pricing model in the presence of menu costs and dynamic duopolistic interactions, this paper claims that the assumption regarding market structure is crucial for identifying the menu costs for price changes. Prices in a dynamic duopolistic market can be more rigid than those in more competitive markets, such as a monopolistic-competition market. Therefore, the estima...

Universities are long-established organisations, and although reinvented themselves several times, major reforms are needed again, underpinned by systematic prospective analyses. A novel method is needed to take into account the wide-ranging and complex factors, shaping the future of the higher education system. ‘Futures’ should be devised in a multi-level structure as the bulk of trends and dr...

the present paper studies hedges in persian academic papers. hedging has an important role in academic discourse; in fact it is a device expressing a writer's degree of certainty or doubt about a proposition. in this study, a collection of 114 academic papers (57 papers in the field of chemistry and 57 papers in the field of persian literature) have been analyzed. the results show that the...