BACKGROUND: Certain features of peace-building distinguish it from peacekeeping, and make it an appropriate strategy in dealing with vertical conflict and low intensity conflict. However, some theorists suggest that attempts, through peace-building, to impose liberal values upon non-democratic cultures are misguided and lack an ethical basis. DISCUSSION: We have been investigating the peace-bui...

This paper proposes the integrative theory of peace (ITP) and briefly outlines the education for peace curriculum (EFP) developed on the basis of this theory. ITP is based on the concept that peace is, at once, a psychological, social, political, ethical and spiritual state with its expressions in intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup, international, and global areas of human life. The theor...

A distance magic labeling of a graph G = (V, E) of order n is a bijection l : V → {1, 2, . . . , n} with the property that there is a positive integer k (called magic constant) such that w(x) = k for every x ∈ V . If a graph G admits a distance magic labeling, then we say that G is a distance magic graph. In the case of non-regular graph G, the problem of determining whether there is a distance...

Online Social Networking (OSN) services have become among the most popular services on Internet and their growth has led to creation of lots of different applications and protocols. Most of these applications and protocols rely on findings of previous studies which were concentrated on analyzing and modeling of the structure of inferred friendship graph of social networks. However, serious ques...

Why do your friends have more friends than you do? The question may sound offensive. We don’t even know you. How can we assume than you have fewer friends than your friends have on average? Because most people do. This so-called friendship paradox has first been described and studied in [1]. It does seem counterintuitive: If we are talking about the average number of friends of average friends ...

Attaining durable peace after a civil war has become a major challenge, as many negotiated settlements relapse into violence. How can civil war negotiations be conducted and peace agreements formulated so as to contribute to lasting, durable peace? Previous research has focused on the durability of peace agreements, measured as the absence of violence. This study develops an index to measure du...

Two longitudinal studies examined associations between relational aggression and friendship quality during adolescence. In Study 1, 62 adolescents in Grades 6 (25.8%), 7 (32.3%), and 8 (41.9%) completed assessments of friendship affiliations, relational and overt aggression, and friendship quality at 2 time points, 1 year apart. Results using actor partner interdependence modeling indicated tha...

Intervention often does not lead to peace, but rather to prolonged con ict. Indeed, we document that it is an important source of prolonged con icts. We introduce a theoretical model of the balance of power to explain why this should be the case and to analyze how peace can be achieved: either a cold peace between hostile neighbors or the peace of the strong dominating the weak. Nonintervention...

The study examined whether reciprocal friendship quantity or quality can mitigate genetic vulnerability for depression symptoms in children. The sample comprised 168 monozygotic twin pairs and 126 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs assessed in Grade 4 (mean age = 10.04 years). Friendship participation was measured via reciprocal nominations of close friendships within the classroom. Friendship quali...

This article describes an approach to assessing infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices using small-sample surveys which was developed jointly by VALID International; CONCERN Worldwide; Save the Children; the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation; the Niger National Institute of Statistics; the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI); the Sudanese Federal Mini...