This research was conducted with the background of existing issues faced by students when mathematics teacher teaching. The objective this study is to obtain data related causes phobia among 4th-grade in elementary schools. method used descriptive qualitative a case design and collection techniques form interviews, observations, questionnaires on results show that punishment given can make beca...

In 1892 Max Nordau concluded his controversial study Degeneration with an apocalyptic vision of the new century. If, as he proposed, “fatigue, nervous exhaustion, and the diseases and degeneration conditioned by them, make much greater progress” (540), “then certain phenomena which are perceived as exceptions or in an embryo condition would henceforth increase to a formidable extent and develop...

biological data can be reduced to manageable mathematical statements. In some cases these equations describe reality with surprising accuracy. For example, analysis of mammalian bone structure reveals that small skeletons are not just scale models of skeletons of larger related species. The bones of large mammals are relatively thicker; in fact, bone thickness varies as the length raised to the...

Ten adult patients with long-standing specific phobias were treated by prolonged continuous exposure to their phobic objects in fantasy and reality without avoidance. All patients were greatly helped by four to five hours' treatment in two or three sessions, and all improved more after practice than after imaginal sessions. The treatment method is more economical and efficient than other method...

This paper provides an introduction to the subject of “the treatment of phobias using virtual reality”. Virtual reality treatment will be compared to established methods of treatment and also (current) possibilities and (dis) advantages are described, as well as the virtual reality setups used.

Studies on the neurobiological background of anxiety indicate that the patogenesis of anxiety may be related to the process of an extinction of aversive memories. It has been suggested that disruption of selective attention for emotional stimuli may confer the risk for mental disorders, such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. Differences in the effects of local neuronal and ho...

It has been suggested that disgust, rather than anxiety, may be important in some phobias. Correlational studies have been ambiguous, indicating either that disgust increases phobic anxiety or that phobic anxiety potentiates disgust. In the experimental study reported here, disgust and phobic anxiety were manipulated in the context of habituation to phobic stimuli. Spider fearful participants w...

The association between pregnancy and perinatal complications (PPCs) and risks for adult psychiatric disorders other than psychoses has received relatively limited attention. In this study, we aim to characterize the associations between PPCs and risks for anxiety, affective, substance use, and eating disorders in a population-based sample of twins. Personal interviews were conducted with 1,806...