The objectives of this study are to analyze about the different and similar multiple choice cloze test in reading comprehension, perception toward among students that influence comprehension. This used descriptive qualitative method. In collecting data, used, Observation, Interview, Questionnaire, Documentaton. data were taken by choice. was conducted there 21 informants which 7 boys 13 girls S...

one of the chief discussions within the phrase structure theory is the analysis of the projection level of modifiers of different grammatical categories. this study provides an analysis of the noun phrase structure in persian, considering the projection levels of the post-modifiers. the study is within the framework of the extended standard theory (est) and, in particular, x-bar syntax. data an...

Prediction or expectancy is thought to play an important role in both music and language processing. However, prediction is currently studied independently in the two domains, limiting research on relations between predictive mechanisms in music and language. One limitation is a difference in how expectancy is quantified. In language, expectancy is typically measured using the cloze probability...

Language proficiency tests are a useful tool for evaluating learner progress, if the test difficulty fits the level of the learner. In this work, we describe a generalized framework for test difficulty prediction that is applicable to several languages and test types. In addition, we develop two ranking strategies for candidate evaluation inspired by automatic solving methods based on language ...

An incremental dependency parser’s probability model is entered as a predictor in a linear mixed-effects model of German readers’ eye-fixation durations. This dependencybased predictor improves a baseline that takes into account word length, n-gram probability, and Cloze predictability that are typically applied in models of human reading. This improvement obtains even when the dependency parse...

In this paper, I revise generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) linguistic theory so that it is more tractable and linguistically constrained. Revised GPSG is also easier to understand, use, and implement. I provide an account of topicalization, ex-plicative pronouns, and parasitic gaps in the revised system and conclude with suggestions for efficient parser design.