background: polymerization of resin‑modified glass‑ionomers (rmgis) is mediated through two competing mechanisms: an acid‑base reaction and a light‑dependent resin polymerization. furthermore, pre‑conditioning with acid has resulted in an increase in enamel bond strength of some rmgis. this in vitro study evaluated the effect of pre‑conditioning and/or delayed irradiation on bond strength of th...

Currently, little is known about strength and conditioning programs at the high school level. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore current practices in strength and conditioning for varsity high school athletes in selected sports. The following were specifically examined: who administers programs for these athletes, what kinds of training activities are done, and whether the r...

OBJECTIVE This study reports the development of the OsteoArthritis Questionnaire (OA-Quest) - a new measure designed to comprehensively capture the potentially modifiable burden of osteoarthritis. DESIGN Item development was guided by the a priori conceptual framework of the Personal Burden of Osteoarthritis (PBO) which captures 8 dimensions of osteoarthritis burden (Physical distress, Fatigu...

Growing evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is important for the acquisition and/or extinction of learning and memory. However, it is unclear which endocannabinoid(s) play(s) a crucial role in these cognitive functions, especially memory extinction. To elucidate the physiological role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major endocannabinoid, in behavioral and cognitive functions...

Past research has shown that calcium influx through NMDA receptors (NMDARs) depresses GABA(A) currents. We examined upstream triggers of this suppression, including involvement of target synaptic GABA(A) receptors and the NMDARs triggering suppression. In hippocampal neurons, conditioning with 20 μM NMDA for 20 s caused 50% suppression of GABA responses. The suppression was delayed by ≈ 60 s fo...

Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex to a neutral stimulus that predicts an aversive stimulus is a basic form of associative learning. Acquisition and retention of this learned response require the cerebellum and associated sensory and motor pathways and engage several other brain regions including the hippocampus, neocortex, neostriatum, septum, and amygdala. The cerebellum and its as...

Brief, noxious, electrical or mechanical stimulation of the skin of Aplysia produces enhancement of defensive reflexes triggered at the same site for at least a week after the noxious stimulation. This site-specific behavioral sensitization can be expressed as an increase in duration of the siphon-withdrawal reflex and as an increase in magnitude of the tail-withdrawal reflex. It is unlikely th...

Polymeric cation exchange membranes (PEMFC) are used in fuel cell technology. These membranes act as a physical barrier between anode and cathode, but diffusion through the membrane should allow protons to be carried from anode to cathode at a rate sufficient to supply energy requirements. They avoid any direct reaction of oxygen and hydrogen that would diminish fuel cell efficiency. Membranes ...

This study investigated the relationship between physical qualities and contact technique proficiency in rugby union players. Thirty-eight (n = 38) male academy players participated study. Physical measures of anthropometry, functional mobility, strength endurance, strength, power, speed, agility, anaerobic aerobic endurance were assessed. Tackler, ball-carrier, ruck assessed using video analys...