Pakistan lies in the Warm Climate Zones of the world and is subjected to extended periods of high ambient temperature and relative humidity. The objective of this article is to review the physiologic/adaptive responses of acclimated cattle to heat stress emphasizing its affects on nutrient acquisition and metabolism, acid-base chemistry and hormonal balance of the body. Heat stress invokes a de...

Sixty healthy pregnant women (aged 21-35 years), including 30 pregnant women at the beginning of second trimester and 30 women at the beginning of third trimester underwent a psychosocial stress test. Physiological (salivary free cortisol levels, salivary alpha-amylase levels) and psychological (perceived stress, mood, anxiety) responses to standardized psychosocial stress have been brought in ...

The nearpoint visual stress theory holds that a tendency for convergence to localize closer than accommodation is intrinsic to the nearpoint visual demands imposed by our culture. A physiological model is presented, suggesting that this effector system mismatch arises from the activation of autonomic reflexes related to stress, vigilant attention and information-processing. Autonomic arousal ex...

The purpose of this article is to provide an introductory overview of stress-gene transcription in archaea for those unfamiliar with the topic. Archaea are diverse and inhabit disparate ecosystems (very cold or hot, temperate, etc.). The study of their stress genes should reveal a variety of strategies for cell survival and suggest manifold applications. Survival relies on the mechanisms of tra...

Many mammals have the ability to autotransfuse a large quantity of red blood cells from the spleen into the active circulation during times of stress. This enhancement of the oxygen transport system has benefited the athletic mammal, that is, the thoroughbred horse, fox and greyhound in an improved aerobic performance. The role of the spleen in sequestering 50% of the total red cell volume in s...

Hydrothermal environments contain steep thermal gradients and variable temperature conditions. Hyperthermophilic microorganisms, those which grow at temperatures exceeding 90°C, are common in these environments and have numerous means for tolerating hyperthermal stress. All hyperthermophiles examined produce a heteromeric chaperonin complex which is the primary protein produced during heat shoc...

1. The Vibrionaceae 1.1. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION The family Vibrionaceae (Domain Bacteria, Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria) is comprised of mostly motile gram-negative chemoorganotrophs, possessing at least one polar flagellum (Farmer III and Janda, 2005; Thompson and Swings, 2006). Vibrios are facultative anaerobes, having both respiratory and fermentative metabolisms, and the m...