Oral mucosa under physiological condition contains a certain degree of chromic variation. Differentiating such physiological variations from pigmented lesions appears challenging without a histopathological confirmation. In several oral lesions, pigmentation is a part of the primary pathology or a secondary change to an existing entity. The pigments involved in both physiological and pathologic...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Laser procedures in skin of color (SOC) patients are challenging due to the increased risk of dyspigmentation and scarring. A novel 755 nm alexandrite picosecond laser has demonstrated effectiveness for tattoo removal and treatment of acne scars. No studies to date have evaluated its applications in pigmentary disorders. The purpose of this retrospective study was to e...

Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBD) are caused by mutations in PEX genes, and are typically diagnosed with biochemical testing in plasma followed by confirmatory testing. Here we report the unusual diagnostic path of a child homozygous for PEX1 p.G843D. The patient presented with sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary retinopathy, and normal intellect. After testing for Usher syndrome was ne...

Skin whitening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes in order to obtain a lighter skin appearance. They are also utilized for clinical treatment of pigmentary disorders such as melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Whitening agents act at various levels of melanin production in the skin. Many of them are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, the key enzyme ...

We present a case of retinitis pigmentosa inversa in a 63-year-old female patient. Fundus examination revealed diffuse chorio retinal degeneration with bone-spicule pigmentary alterations in the posterior pole and mid-peripheral retina, whereas pigmentary alteration was not detected in the peripheral retina. Fundus auto fluorescence imaging demonstrated clearly defined hypo fluorescence was obs...

A 45-year-old male was referred for diabetes mellitus. Clinical examination found a family history of multiple precocious deaths, strong consanguinity, personal history of seizures during childhood, small testicles, small penis, sparse body hair, long arms and legs, dysmorphic features, mental retardation, dysarthria, tremor, and mild gait ataxia. Investigations found pigmentary retinitis, meta...

The simultaneous occurrence of both optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma may make it difficult to evaluate visual field defects and the appearance of the optic nerve head. We saw five patients with both conditions, of whom four had pigmentary glaucoma or pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Drusen do not preclude the development of cupping, and they make it difficult to interpret its significance. M...

Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited pigmentary disorder of the flexures with a reticulate aspect and with presence of prominent comedone-like lesions and pitted scars. The diagnosis includes acanthosis nigricans as well as other reticulate pigmentary disorders classified into: dyschromatrosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DU...