Abiotic stresses elicit complex cellular responses. This complexity made many believe for a long time that tolerance to abiotic stresses cannot be experimentally manipulated. Fortunately, this contention has proven wrong in recent years. Considered once to be an arduous task, genetic engineering for increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses has been achieved to an extent. This change has come du...

Very few substances can waltz right through cell membranes-indeed, could they do so, cells would lose their integrity rapidly. The control of ion and macromolecule passage through both plasma membranes and organellar membranes falls to various channel, pump, and carrier proteins, which are diagrammed in Figure 1. Not onlydo these proteins allow ions and other macromolecules to pass from one sid...

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin plays a critical regulatory function in nearly all aspects of plant biology (Vierstra, 2009). Diverse conjugation enzymes attach monoubiquitin or polyubiquitin, with eight different linkages, as distinct signals to the regulatory and mechanistic components of various cellular processes. This ebook updates the functions, targets, and mechanisms of the...

Very few substances can waltz right through cell membranes-indeed, could they do so, cells would lose their integrity rapidly. The control of ion and macromolecule passage through both plasma membranes and organellar membranes falls to various channel, pump, and carrier proteins, which are diagrammed in Figure 1. Not onlydo these proteins allow ions and other macromolecules to pass from one sid...

Several molecules absorb light energy which they emit after a time difference (lifetime) as radiation energy. Molecules remain at a low energy level or the ground electronic singlet state (So) or the lowest vibrational level at room temperature (Noomnarm and Clegg, 2009). On absorption of a photon, the molecule is excited from So to the first electronic excited singlet state S1 within < 10-15 s...