Plant activators are compounds, such as analogs of the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), that protect plants from pathogens by activating the plant immune system. Although some plant activators have been widely used in agriculture, the molecular mechanisms of immune induction are largely unknown. Using a newly established high-throughput screening procedure that screens for compounds that sp...

Coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. Eloquently captured in the Red Queen Hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. Innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, ...

This paper is an overview of vaccine antigens against malaria produced in plants. Plant-based expression systems represent an interesting production platform due to their reduced manufacturing costs and high scalability. At present, different Plasmodium antigens and expression strategies have been optimized in plants. Furthermore, malaria antigens are one of the few examples of eukaryotic prote...

Plants have evolved intracellular immune receptors to detect pathogen proteins known as effectors. How these immune receptors detect effectors remains poorly understood. Here we describe the structural basis for direct recognition of AVR-Pik, an effector from the rice blast pathogen, by the rice intracellular NLR immune receptor Pik. AVR-PikD binds a dimer of the Pikp-1 HMA integrated domain wi...

This review paper deals with the previous and current wastewater treatment plant modelling. The future of semantic modelling in a wastewater treatment plant through a new approach, Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), is introduced. AIS is still in the infant stage of soft computing. However, it has gained its popularity in the recent years, especially in prediction modelling. The first dynamic mod...

Immunophilins were originally discovered as receptors for a family of immunosuppressive drugs including cyclosporin, FK506, and rapamycin. These drugs suppress immune reaction and are clinically used to prevent graft rejection during organ transplantation. More recently, immunophilins have been found in all eukaryotes ranging from yeast, animals, and higher plants, implicating these proteins in...

Fungi have adapted to diverse habitats and ecological niches, including the complex plant systems. Success of the pathogenic or symbiotic fungi in colonizing the plant tissue depends on their ability to modulate the host defense signaling [1]. Strategies that impart such abilities in fungi include the use of effector proteins that directly disrupt phytohormone-based defense signaling pathways a...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of replacing fish meal with plant sources on growth performance, immune responses, hematological parameters and disease resistance in rainbow trout. In this study, mean of initial body weight of fish was 15±2 g and the experiment was carried out for a period of 60 days. Four experimental diets were formulated to replace 0, 40, 70 and 100% fish me...

Researchers in cognitive science struggle to find a computational model that best represents cognitive phenomena for the latter are extremely complex and their mechanisms are not well understood. The biological immune system, in turn, features intrinsic cognitive characteristics. As a consequence, computational models of the immune system are capable of naturally incorporating many of these abi...