varicocele is one of the most common causes of primary male infertility. pilea microphylla (pm) is being used as folk medicine. this study was aimed to investigate the effects of pm in a rat model of varicocele. a total of 30 male wistar rats were divided into control, sham, varicocele, accessory varicocele and pm-treated groups. after 10 weeks of varicocele induction, sperm parameters and chro...

1.1 Lubrication (Rizvi, 2009) The principle of supporting a sliding load on a friction reducing film is known as lubrication (Ludema, 1996). The substance of which the film is composed is a lubricant, and to apply it is to lubricate. These are not new concepts, nor, in their essence, particularly involved ones. Farmers lubricated the axles of their ox carts with animal fat centuries ago. But mo...

In this paper we find all solutions of four kinds of the Diophantine equations begin{equation*} ~x^{2}pm V_{t}xy-y^{2}pm x=0text{ and}~x^{2}pm V_{t}xy-y^{2}pm y=0, end{equation*}% for an odd number $t$, and, begin{equation*} ~x^{2}pm V_{t}xy+y^{2}-x=0text{ and}text{ }x^{2}pm V_{t}xy+y^{2}-y=0, end{equation*}% for an even number $t$, where $V_{n}$ is a generalized Lucas number. This pape...

INTRODUCTION: Nano/micro-scale tribological properties (surface roughness and frictional coefficient of engineering and biological materials) have been investigated through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) [1]. At the macro-scale, previous studies in the literature have reported on the effect of lubricants on friction and wear through pin-on-disk tests and there has been the general agreement that...

Ionic liquids are salts, many of which are typically viscous fluids at room temperature. The fluids are characterized by negligible vapor pressures under ambient conditions. These properties have led us to study the effectiveness of ionic liquids containing both organic cations and anions for use as space lubricants. In the previous paper we have measured the vapor pressure and some tribologica...

Lubricants ordinarily operate by keeping two sliding surfaces separated. The efficiency of a lubricant may be expressed by equations of hydrodynamics where the mechanical properties of the films of lubricants are adequately defined by the properties of bulk lubricant. In the case of water lubrication of black rubber at slow speeds and low pressures the lubricating ability of water is shown to b...

Limited crude reserves, consistently rising oil prices, unsafe disposal of the harmful lubricants and its guaranteed adverse aftereffects has increased concern for replenishing the environment. Development of environmental friendly lubricants and its appropriate usage is an option of prime importance which can overcome such problems. This paper investigates the prospects of Mahua oil based lubr...