How does the demand for lobbying reflected by government policy activity influence the use of lobbying strategies and tactics? The authors examine this question by assessing how the complexity of the policy space affects the political action committee (PAC) system. They hypothesize that the complexity of the policy space indirectly affects the size and activity of the PAC system through its dir...

We consider the problem of direct policy learning in situations where the policies are only observable through their projections into the null-space of a set of dynamic, non-linear task constraints. We tackle the issue of deriving consistent data for the learning of such policies and make two contributions towards its solution. Firstly, we derive the conditions required to exactly reconstruct n...

Based on the single-leg air cargo issues, we establish a dynamic programming model to consider the overbooking and space inventory control problem.We analyze the structure of optimal booking policy for every kind of booking requests and show that the optimal booking decision is of threshold type known as booking limit policy . Our research provides a theoretical support for the air cargo space ...