prerequisite for embrace of islam is acceptance of faith principles such as monotheism, prophecy, existence in the hereafter and in the shiite religion background, faith to two other principles, justice and pontificate. therefore, knowledge and certainty are criterion and imitative acceptance of these principles is not correct. for believer human, islam has determined practical programs that na...

where between ethnocentrism and literalism, especially in the case of Islam, have brought little distinctive anthropological analysis to bear successfully on the practical realities and political ideologies of religions. In addition, the popular assertion that certain ethnic groups that have had conflicts over centuries will continue to fight with one another is but an idea fuelled by numerous ...

The public and academic debate on the relation between Islam and secularism has been forcefully revived since 9/11 and the “Arab Spring”. Especially essentialist and monolithic depictions by Western scholars have claimed the incompatibility of Islam with secularism as a prerequisite for democracy. Another strand of literature claims that evidence of Islam’s democratic essence (Esposito and Voll...

On August 14, 1947, Pakistan was carved out on the map of the world for the Muslims of India in order so that they could live in peace and harmony, according to the principles of Islam, free to pursue all spiritual and worldly endeavours in a homeland of their own. Though full of hope and nationalistic fervour; the people of Pakistan were unable to fully realize the dream of their own personali...

Heterodox mystics and heretics of any kind can be sometimes dangerous and other times reliable depending upon political situations, as was the case with Bektashis in Ottoman Anatolia or in early independent Albania. The historical anthropology perspective taken in this article appears helpful in revealing that Bektashism is probably the mystical order of Islam that best exemplifies a transforma...

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when muslim arabs conquered transoxiana, the eastern turkistan and semirchie remained unoccupied for two centuries by qarluqs resistance. but islamic teachings were gradually propagated in their area and in the second half of  the fourth century a.h islam became the dominant religion among them. on the basis of  a descriptive-analytic method, this article is to clarify the process of propagatio...