RNA virus replication results in expression of double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) molecules that trigger innate immune responses through interactions with both intracellular and extracellular receptors. We investigated the contributions of the extracellular and intracellular pathways to innate immunity in murine astrocyte primary cultures using polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic ...

Chains of inorganic polyphosphate (poly-P) with hundreds of P(i) residues linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, as in ATP, are found in every bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal cell, in which they perform various functions. In the spore-forming Bacillus cereus, we have identified three principal enzymes and genes involved in the metabolism of poly-P, namely, (i) poly-P kinase (PPK), which synthes...

[μ-(linker)L2(dipyrido[3,2-a:21,31-c]phenazine)2(phenanthroline)2Ru(II)2]2+ with linker: 1,3-bis-(4-pyridyl)-propane, L: PF6 (bis-Ru-bpp) was synthesized and their binding properties to a various polynucleotides were investigated by spectroscopy, including normal absorption, circular dichroism(CD), linear dichroism(LD), and luminescence techniques in this study. On binding to polynucleotides, t...

Adenovirus is among the preferred vectors for gene therapy because of its superior in vivo gene-transfer efficiency. However, upon systemic administration, adenovirus is preferentially sequestered by the liver, resulting in reduced adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in targeted tissues. In the liver, Kupffer cells are responsible for adenovirus degradation and contribute to the inflammato...

The structure of the title compound, [Li(BF(4))(CH(3)CN)](n), consists of a layered arrangement parallel to (100) in which the Li(+) cations are coordinated by three F atoms from three tetra-fluoridoborate (BF(4) (-)) anions and an N atom from an acetonitrile mol-ecule. The BF(4) (-) anion is coordinated to three different Li(+) cations though three F atoms. The structure can be described as be...