Focusing on ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), this work highlights recent advances in increasing sensor sensitivity by converting potentiometric response to a variety of electrical and optical signals including charge, current, luminescence, color change.

The observed reference ranges for sodium and potassium as determined by direct potentiometry vary from instrument to instrument, depending on the composition of the calibration standards. To resolve the existing confusion as to which reference intervals are most appropriately considered "normal," we propose a straightforward convention (based on plasma-water concentration units) in which the di...

Strategies to facilitate detection enhancement in various methods of nitrate detection are presented in this paper. The main nitrate detection methods for the past 10 years will be reviewed according to their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a focus on the techniques on increasing detection capabilities. For each detection method, an investigation of the technique of improvement is car...

a bearingless induction machine has combined characteristics of induction motor and magnetic bearings. therefore, the advantages are small size and low-cost. in the magnetic suspension of the bearingless motors, suspension forces are generated based on the feedback signals of displacement sensors detecting the movement of the rotor shaft. the suspension forces are generated taking an advantage ...

adequate coverage is one of the main problems for distributed wireless sensor networks and the effectiveness of that highly depends on the sensor deployment scheme. given a finite number of sensors, optimizing the sensor deployment will provide sufficient sensor coverage and save power of sensors for movement to target location to adequate coverage. in this paper, we apply fuzzy logic system to...