Male advancement in the developing hand was evidenced by 66 grossly and microscopically normal embryos in the 15-75 mm crown-rump range. Male advancement was particularly pronounced in the younger (1 530 mm) embryos, both in the proximal hand region including the round bones of the wrist and in the distal hand region, comprising the metacarpals and phalanges. Thirty-four additional embryos, abn...

The present observation has demonstrated the developmental order of the rat retina as follows: the pigment epithelium differentiates earlier than the retina cells; Midler's cells and ganglion cells differentiate from the basal portion of the retina within a few days after the optic cup formation; the ganglion cells form a layer on the fourteenth to fifteenth day; the nerve fiber layer is formed...

DOI 10.1027/0044-3409.216.3.148 Abstract. The spontaneous movements of the newborn infant have a long prenatal history. From 8 weeks postmenstrual age onward the fetus moves in distinct motor patterns. There is no period of amorphic and random movements. The patterns are easily recognizable, as all of them can be seen after birth. The human neonate demonstrates a continuum of motor patterns fro...

1. A densitometric method has been developed for the quantification of azodipyrroles derived from dog bile pigments treated with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. 2. This method was used to estimate the bilirubins in bile and meconium from foetuses of 14-36 weeks gestation. 3. The proportion of the bilirubins in foetal bile changed during gestation. (a) No bile pigments were found until 14 weeks. ...

Methods for identifying the fetus at risk and monitoring fetal well-being as pregnancy progresses are now an established part of prenatal care in the Western World. In this short review the use of steroids in the assessment of prenatal development is discussed. The metabolism of oestrogens, progestogens, corticosteroids and androgens during pregnancy is outlined and the relative merits, in term...

Sequence polymorphism is a well-known phenomenon of postnatal dental development. Individual sequence polymorphisms include the dm2-c/c-dm2* orders of eruption in the deciduous dentitions, and the M2-P2/P2-M2 and C-M2/M2-C eruption sequences in the permanent dentition (S. M. GARN and A. B. LEWIS, J Dent Res 36:992-995, 1957; S. M. GARN and A. B. LEWIS, in BROTHWELL, D.R. (ed) Dental Anthropolog...

Disorders of sex development (DSD) rarely present prenatally but, as they are very complex conditions, management should be directed by highly specialised medical teams to allow consideration of all aspects of diagnosis, treatment and ethical issues. In this brief review, we present an overview of the prenatal presentation and management of DSD, including the sonographic appearance of normal ge...

Robert was small and slightly underweight at birth. He had been exposed to drugs while his mother was pregnant. His cries sometimes sounded high-pitched, and he was often tense and rigid. Robert’s mother moved twice before he was two years old. First she moved in with her mother; then she moved out again. Robert was not quite as quick as other children at learning new words. He was not good at ...

BACKGROUND The primary prevention of illness at the population level, the ultimate aim of medicine, seems out of reach for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, and its pathogenesis begins long before the emergence of psychosis, as early as fetal brain development. Cholinergic neurotransmission at nicotinic receptors is a pathophysiological mechanism related to one aspect...

Serial sections, in the frontal plane, of 12 human fetuses showed that the iliolumbar ligament was always present at the gestational age of 11 to 15 weeks; in younger specimens, it could not be identified. The ligament develops during the prenatal period and is not formed by metaplasia of the quadratus lumborum muscle during the second decade of life.