In most terrestrial tetrapods, the transport of prey through the oral cavity is accomplished by movements of the hyolingual apparatus. Morphological specializations of the tongue in some lizard taxa are thought to be associated with the evolution of vomerolfaction as the main prey detection mode. Moreover, specializations of the tongue are hypothesized to compromise the efficiency of the tongue...

This article presents experiments that integrate competitive coevolution of neural robot controllers with ‘co-evolution’ of robot morphologies and control systems. More specifically, the experiments investigate the influence of constraints on the evolved behavior of predator-prey robots, especially how task-dependent morphologies emerge as a result of competitive co-evolution. This is achieved ...

In this paper, a reaction–diffusion system of a predator–prey model with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response is considered. This model describes a prey-taxis mechanism that is an immediate movement of the predator u in response to a change of the prey v (which leads to the collection of u). We use some approaches to prove the global existence-boundedness of classical solutions and overcome...

The stability of predator-prey system subject to the Allee effect is of considerable interest in recent times. The present investigation is an attempt to observe the stability nature of a discrete-time predator-prey system with Allee effect on predator, prey and on both the population. We have obtained the conditions for which the equilibrium points of each of the three cases are asymptotically...

In this paper, we consider spatial predator-prey models with diffusion and prey-taxis. We investigate necessary conditions for pattern formation using a variety of non-linear functional responses, linear and non-linear predator death terms, linear and non-linear prey-taxis sensitivities, and logistic growth or growth with an Allee effect for the prey. We identify combinations of the above non-l...

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of prey-taxis on predator–prey models with Paramecium aurelia as the prey and Didinium nasutum as its predator. The logistic Lotka–Volterra predator–prey models with prey-taxis are solved numerically with four different response functions, two initial conditions and one data set. Routh–Hurwitz’s stability conditions are used to obtain the...

one of the most important predator-prey interactions is functional response which its type and parameters are affected by different factors including host plant characteristics. in this research, the influence of leaf surface on functional response and prey consumption rate of third instar larvae of the episyrphus balteatus (de geer, 1776) (diptera: syrphidae) to third instar nymphs of aphis go...

We study a generalized model of 2n interacting species consisting of n competing prey and n predators each of which feeds exclusively upon one of the prey species. Under the assumption that the prey community is founder-controlled (the positive equilibria determined by single prey species are asymptotically stable in prey phase space), it is shown that the n predators can mediate uniform persis...

The predator-prey-type ecosystem is investigated, taking into account the time-delay effect of the prey population on the predator population, as well as random variations in the birth rate of the prey and the death rate of the predators. The stochastic averaging procedure is applied to obtain the probability distributions of the predator and prey populations at the state of statistical station...

Individual base model of predator-prey system is constructed. Both predator and prey species have age structure and cohorts of early reproductive age have competitive advantage. The model has linear functional response in predation behavior and includes the effect of interference among predators and delay of population growth from resource intake, not by functional response but by calculation p...