نتایج جستجو برای: pricing policies
تعداد نتایج: 150431 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
New Zealand's research and educational network connects to Internet via an expensive trans-Paci c satellite link to FIX-West. Initially subsidized by NASA, the link is now self-funding. The link is managed by a consortium of universities and research institutes, which has instituted a volume based charging regime to recover total operating costs from the participating institutions. Individual s...
This paper reviews theoretical and empirical literature on the measurement of the major automobile externalities, namely local pollution, global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestion and traffic accidents. It then dicusses the rationale for traditional policies to address these externalities, including fuel taxes, fuel economy standards, emissions standards and related policies. Finally...
Minimum Advertised Price (MAP) is a pricing policy widely used by manufacturers to influence prices set by their downstream partners. A MAP policy imposes a lower bound on advertised prices for retailers. Retailers that advertise prices below the MAP price violate the policy and are subject to a punishment such as termination of the distribution agreement. Despite this threat, a central issue w...
BACKGROUND Across European countries, differences exist in biosimilar policies, leading to variations in uptake of biosimilars and divergences in savings all over Europe. OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to provide an overview of different initiatives and policies that may influence the uptake of biosimilars in different European countries. Recommendations will be formulated on how to cr...
This paper proposes a consistent approach to discrete time valuation in insurance and finance. This approach uses the growth optimal portfolio as reference unit or benchmark. When used as benchmark, it is shown that all benchmarked price processes are supermartingales. Benchmarked fair price processes are characterized as martingales. No measure transformation is needed for the fair pricing of ...
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