This paper explores the contradictions inherent in what has become the buzzword of the 1990’s: sustainable development. I argue that despite claims of a paradigm shift, the sustainable development paradigm is based on an economistic, not ecological rationality. Discourses of sustainable development embody a view of nature specified by modern economic thought. One consequence of this discourse i...

The intellectual property regimes we have currently in place are heavily under attack. One of the points of criticism is the interaction between two elements of article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the widely discussed issue of being able to benefit from scientific progress and the less argued for position of having a right to take part in scientific enterprises. To shine li...

The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the 1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces and wild and weedy relatives. But utilization of genebank resources has not kept pace. The set of popular cultivars in major crops is typically rather small, and their ancestry encompasses only a fraction of the genetic...

The technology of digital watermarking has quickly become a respected concept for the solution of the copyright protection problems in the emerging global digital network. Content creators and vendors are increasingly aware of the pressing issues involved in protecting their intellectual property rights – which are crucial in establishing viable

When an innovative product (innovator) is not covered anymore by intellectual property rights, cheaper equivalent medicinal products (generic products) may be marketed and used in clinical practice. The regulation of generic products is well-established, and is primarily based on standard rules for quality, therapeutic equivalence requirements (the latter in most instances proven through a bioe...

The enhancement of intellectual property rights (IPR) under the TRIPs agreement has to some degree been paralleled by an expansion of the literature on the optimal forms and roles of IPR systems. Economists have long concerned themselves (albeit with limited success) with such matters as optimal patent scope and duration. Public sector scientists have been particularly concerned with the effect...

The emerging global trends in intellectual property (IP) commercialization and intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement and harmonization such as technology globalization, "niching", and licensing strategies, the diffusion of IPR standards and the divergence of IPR enforcement practices, are components of an emerging view of the importance of intellectual capital in corporate and national...

Normative legal systems have struggled to define international property rights. This struggle has been particularly intense in the area of intellectual property because the level of protection afforded to trademarked goods varies tremendously from nation to nation.1 Thus, international trade often leads to infringement of domestic property rights. The tension between the global mobility of good...

there is a doubt about pledge of intellectual property rights in considering of articles 774 and 772 of iranian civil code. the principal goal of this paper is the reforming study of the roots of these articles.in the first chapter, we argue that is it feasible to pledge intangible things? and in the second one, we suggest some solutions for their delivery.