The study, aimed at evaluating the likely effects of the EC Directive on late payments, provides direct evidence that interfirm credit received by Italian manufacturing firms is, if ever, only slightly more expensive than bank loans. An econometric exercise shows that financial determinants have a stronger impact on recorded credit and debt periods for larger firms, able to use trade credit to ...

The Osher-Chakrabarthy family of linear flux-modification schemes is considered. Improved lower bounds on the compression factors are provided, which suggest the viability of using the unlimited version. The LLF flux formula is combined with these schemes in order to obtain compact finite-difference algorithms. The resulting schemes are applied to a battery of numerical tests, going from advect...

Fuzzy sets and logic have been largely used for the treatment of the uncertainty, vagueness and ambiguity found in the modeling of real problems. However, there may exist also the case when there is uncertainty related to the membership functions to be used in the modeling of fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers, as there are many ways to define the shape of this kind of number. Thus, one can use, for ...

When one tries to use the Web as a dictionary or encyclopedia, entering some single term into a search engine, the highly-ranked pages in the result usually contain many irrelevant or useless sites. The problem is that single-term queries do not contain enough information to specify exactly which sort of pages the user wants. For the analogous problem in TREC, Buckley et al. (1996) have propose...

In this study, a new statistical distribution called as Transmuted Exponential Power using the quadratic rank transmutation map introduced by Shaw and Buckley [23,24] is suggested. The various mathematical properties of are examined. method maximum likelihood estimation has been used to estimate unknown parameters distribution. Moreover, real data analysis compare with other some distributions ...

A fuzzified neural network copes with fuzzy signals and/or weights so that the information about the uncertainty of input and output can be served in the training process. Since learning process is the main function of fuzzy neural networks, in this study, we focus on review and comparison of the existing learning algorithms, so that the theoretical achievement and the application agenda of eac...