Spike detection and spike sorting techniques are often difficult to assess because of the lack of ground truth data (i.e., spike timings for each neuron). This is particularly important for in vitro recordings where the signal to noise ratio is poor (as is the case for multi-electrode arrays at the bottom of a cell culture dish). We present an analysis of the transmission of intracellular signa...

We have expressed the neuroendocrine VGF protein in FRT rat thyroid cells to study the molecular mechanisms of its sorting to the regulated and polarized pathways of secretion. By immunoelectron microscopy, we have demonstrated that VGF localizes in dense-core granules. Rapid secretion of VGF is induced by PMA stimulation. Moreover, human chromogranin B, a protein of the regulated pathway, co-l...

In order to perform their physiologic functions, polarized epithelial cells must target ion transport proteins to the appropriate domains of their plasma membranes. Molecular signals responsible for polarized sorting have been identified for several membrane proteins which span the bilayer once. Most ion transport proteins are polytopic, however, and little is known of the signals responsible f...

31 Emerging CMOS-based, high-density microelectrode array (HD-MEA) devices provide high spatial resolution at subcellular 32 level and a large number of readout channels. These devices allow for simultaneous recording of extracellular activity of a 33 large number of neurons with every neuron being detected by multiple electrodes. In order to analyze the recorded signals, 34 spiking events have...

Abstract Background The third-generation hybrid rice technology can be constructed by transforming a recessive nuclear male sterile (NMS) mutant with transgenic cassette containing three functional modules: the wild type fertility gene to restore of mutant, pollen killer that specifically kills grains carrying transgene, and red fluorescence protein ( RFP ) mark seed (maintainer). plant produce...

Coat components localize to specific membrane domains, where they sort selected transmembrane proteins. To study how clathrin coats are stabilized on such domains and to identify the protein networks involved, we combined proteomic screens and in vitro liposome-based assays that recapitulate the fidelity of protein sorting in vivo. Our study identifying approximately 40 proteins on AP-1A-coated...

Targeting of MHC class II molecules to the endocytic compartment where they encounter processed antigen is determined by the invariant chain (Ii). By analysis of Ii-transferrin receptor (TR) chimera trafficking, we have identified sorting signals in the Ii cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane region that mediate this process. Two non-tyrosine-based sorting signals in the Ii cytoplasmic tail were ...

Export of many secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) relies on signal-mediated sorting into ER-derived transport vesicles. Recent work on the coat protein complex II (COPII) provides new insight into the mechanisms and signals that govern this selective export process. Conserved di-acidic and di-hydrophobic motifs found in specific transmembrane cargo proteins are required for ...