We discuss the mechanisms, applications, and extraction of low-divergence laser-plasma-based electron beams that represent our past, current, and future research activities in the Center for Ultrafast Optical Science at the University of Michigan. We show experimentally that these beams have superior transverse emittance of 0.06 pi mm•mrad, along with nC charge, suitable for various application...

Recently, lateral resolution of photoemission spectroscopy has been rapidly improving by several types of energy-filtered electron emission microscopes (PEEM) or by focused light sources.1–6) On the other hand, laser-based photoemission spectroscopy facilitates femtosecond time-resolution, revealing the dynamics of electrons and atoms on surfaces.7–11) The combination of lateral and temporal re...

Sex differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and trends with age have been consistently observed in both industrialized and unindustrialized populations. However, the impact of sex on pulse pressure, an index of vascular aging, in unindustrialized populations has not been addressed. The objective of this report was to characterize sex differences in aging trends of pulse pres...

Ultrashort electric pulses (USEP) cause long-lasting increase of cell membrane electrical conductance, and that a single USEP increased cell membrane electrical conductance proportionally to the absorbed dose (AD) with a threshold of about 10 mJ/g. The present study extends quantification of the membrane permeabilization effect to multiple USEP and employed a more accurate protocol that identif...

Contrary to our immediate and vivid sensation of past, present, and future as continually shifting non-relational modalities, time remains as tenseless and relational as space in all of the established theories of fundamental physics. Here an empirically adequate generalized theory of the inertial structure is discussed in which proper time is causally compelled to be tensed within both spaceti...

The Air Force Research Laboratory is developing a spacebased sparse-array aperture system, called TechSat 21. The TechSat 21 experiment is a cluster of three satellites that will fly in formation and operate cooperatively to perform the function of a larger, single satellite. The payload chosen to demonstrate the TechSat 21 concept is radar. Doppler and range ambiguities resulting from the rela...

This work treats degenerate four-wave mixing ~DFWM! in noncentrosymmetric materials, taking into full account the fact that the DFWM signal arises from third-order nonlinear optical effects as well as from two distinct combinations of second-order effects: second-harmonic generation plus difference frequency generation and optical rectification plus Pockels effect. Because of these second order...

We analyzed the two-dimensional 2D electron momentum distributions of high-energy photoelectrons of atoms in an intense laser field using the second-order strong field approximation SFA2 . The SFA2 accounts for the rescattering of the returning electron with the target ion to first order and its validity is established by comparing with results obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger...

It is well known that hyperbolic frequency modulated waveform is Doppler-invariant. However it suffers severe distortion when the velocity of the target is not constant. In this paper we demonstrate that the acceleration of the target results in a frequency shift which is the source of the signal distortion under the assumption that the acceleration is constant and along the direction of the ve...

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