This paper studies the relationships between digitalisation, trade costs, quality upgrading and flows, using an extended version of a gravity model. Based on information from various sources data, we estimate these sequentially for sample 18 manufacturing 14 service sectors in 40 countries over period 2000–2014. Using input–output tables World Input–Output Database, define original measure digi...

The Nigerian liquor trade provoked fierce debate: was it advancing development or fashioning an economy based on the unproductive consumption of alcohol? The liquor trade was caught between two prevailing colonial perspectives on African economic development: the Darwinian-based principle that Western civilisation had a duty to protect Africans from all bad external influences, and the civilise...

This research paper adapts intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm to solve the discrete timecost-quality trade-off problem (DTCQTP) in software projects which is never solved before by this algorithm. Project manager's goal is getting an optimal allocation of time, cost and quality of each task/activity in the software project such that total time and cost of the project is minimized while pro...