The development of pre-industrial Europe was driven by the expansion of trade. This paper describes the patterns of trade and shows how they can be understood in terms of differences in trading costs. It discusses how the different levels of trade–from local to transoceanic-contributed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to the process of growth. JEL Categories: F14, F15, F43, N13, N73, O19...

Does Local Business Ownership Insulate Cities from Economic Shocks? * We assess a prominent argument for local economic policies that favor locally-owned businesses – namely, that locally-owned firms are more likely to internalize the costs to the community of decisions to reduce employment and hence help to insulate cities from adverse economic shocks. We test this argument by examining how es...

This paper models the determinants of exporting (both in terms of export propensity and export intensity), with a particular emphasis on the importance of absorptive capacity and the endogenous link between exporting and undertaking R&D. Based on a merged dataset of the 2001 Community Innovation Survey and the 2000 Annual Respondents Database for the UK, our results suggest that establishment s...

The present study explores the impact exerted by a series of factors and processes including creativity, IPR activities, new business formation and the provision of amenities on economic growth for 103 Italian provinces (NUTS 3) over the period between 2001 and 2006. Provincial growth rates are measured alternatively by value added growth and employment growth. Findings show a positive effect o...

Sense and antisense oligonucleotide pairs encoding cell-penetrating peptides PTD (Tat47-57), DPV3A, E162, pVEC, R11, and TP13 were used to construct two sets of pET22b-CPP-DsRed and pET22b-CPP-J-DsRed vectors for CPP-DsRed and CPP-J-DsRed recombinant proteins expression. PTD-DsRed, DPV3A-DsRed, PTD-J-DsRed, and DPV3A-J-DsRed recombinant proteins were expressed in a soluble form. PTD-J-DsRed and...

? deeply regret to record the death of Mr. John Harty at the age of 47, which occurred on March 10th. Mr. Harty was born in Ireland and received his medical education at Queen's College, Cork, and graduated M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O., in the ttoyal University of Ireland in 1902. After spending several years at Halifax in general practice he decided to specialise in car, nose and throat work, and studi...

This file provide the detailed steps for obtaining the bounds on R1, R2 via the obtained results on (R1c, R1p, R2c, R2p). The rate pair (R1c, R1p, R2c, R2p) is achievable if it satisfies following inequalities. R1c ≤ rank(U 1 H11V21) (1) R1p ≤ m1 − r21 (2) R2c ≤ r12 (3) R1c +R1p ≤ r11 (4) R1c +R2c ≤ r12 + rank(U 10H11V21) (5) R1p +R2c ≤ r12 + rank(U 10H11V20) (6) R1c +R1p +R2c ≤ n1 (7) R2c ≤ ra...

Empirical analyses show that the employment effects of start-ups are highest in agglomerations, whereas moderately congested areas exhibit only modest effects, and weak or even no significant effects could be found in rural regions. This paper will set out to show that these discrepancies arise from specific characteristics of urban areas. The magnitude of the employment effects of entry in agg...

This essay analyzes the circumstances under which a barter system based on merchants and centralized markets dominates an unstructured primitive barter system. For that purpose, we set up a spatial general equilibrium model where exchange is costly. In an unstructured barter system, as population increases, the transaction costs may become cumbersome and the cost of trade expansion surpasses it...

In type-2 diabetes (T2D), islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) self-associates into toxic assemblies causing islet β-cell death. Therefore, preventing IAPP toxicity is a promising therapeutic strategy for T2D. The molecular tweezer CLR01 is a supramolecular tool for selective complexation of K residues in (poly)peptides. Surprisingly, it inhibits IAPP aggregation at substoichiometric concentrations...