Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a multifunctional cytokine that regulates a variety of biological functions, signals through a heteromeric receptor complex of the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors. The type II receptor, a transmembrane serine-threonine kinase, was cloned based on its ability to directly bind TGF-beta. Recently, a number of candidate type I TGF-beta receptors hav...

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family that interacts with several receptors, including TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL-R4. TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 can induce apoptosis of cancer cells and activate the transcription factor NF-kappaB. TRAIL-R4 can activate NF-kappaB and protect cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Here we show that TRAIL-R1...

BACKGROUND There has been much research on the bioconversion of xylose found in lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol by genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the rate of ethanol production from xylose in these xylose-utilizing yeast strains is quite low compared to their glucose fermentation. In this study, two diploid xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae strains, the industrial str...

kreisler is a recessive mutation resulting in gross malformation of the inner ear of homozygous mice. The defects in the inner ear are related to abnormalities in the hindbrain of the embryo, adjacent to the ear rudiments. At E9.5, the neural tube posterior to the boundary between the third and fourth rhombomeres, r3 and r4, appears unsegmented, and the region that would normally correspond to ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) at 90, 125 and 155 °C on extent anaerobic digestion (AD) sewage sludge, energy balance, distribution availability N P. AD evaluated with four bench-scale mesophilic, semi-continuous digesters 20-d (Phase 1) 10-d 2) solids retention time (SRT), fed raw sludge (R1), 90 (R2), (R3) (R4) HTP sludge. two mixtures u...

Early brain regionalisation involves the activation of genes coding for transcription factors in distinct domains of the neural plate. The limits of these domains often prefigure morphological boundaries. In the hindbrain, anteroposterior patterning depends on a segmentation process that leads to the formation of seven bulges called rhombomeres (r). The molecular cues involved in the early subd...

Hox genes are instrumental in assigning segmental identity in the developing hindbrain. Auto-, cross- and para-regulatory interactions help establish and maintain their expression. To understand to what extent such regulatory interactions shape neuronal patterning in the hindbrain, we analysed neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation and motoneuron migration in Hoxa1, Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 mutant mice....