Adaptive radiation is an aspect of evolutionary biology encompassing microevolution and macroevolution, for explaining the principles of lineage divergence. There are intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors that can be postulated to explain that adaptive radiation has taken place in specific lineages. The Diabroticina beetles are a prominent example of differential diversity that could be examin...

For both cancer therapy with protons and ions (hadron therapy) and space radiation environments, the spatial energy deposition patterns of the radiation fields are of importance for quantifying the resulting radiation damage in biological structures. Tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) are the principal instruments for measuring imparted energy on a microscopic scale and for characte...

Under the context of rapid urbanization, radiation budget is crucial to analyse the adverse climate effects in urban environments, especially for mega-cities. Selected Beijing city and surrounding regions as the study area, this paper investigated the spatial distribution patterns and temporal variations of radiation budget based on integration of remote sensing images and ancillary data. Lands...

In this letter, measured radiation patterns of a 4×4 digitally reconfigurable transmitarray are presented. It is possible to get beam steering and polarization conversion operation using the transmitarray. There total four PIN diodes in each unit cell The realized upper two lower diodes. “State1” “State2” biasing conditions layer. “State3” “State4” These states can be represented as “0” “1”. By...