Synthesis and Photochemical Cyclization of a Novel EnyneCarbodiimide Michael Schmittel,* David Rodríguez 1 and Jens-Peter Steffen FB 8 OC1 (Chemie und Biologie), Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany. Tel. (+49)-271-4356, Fax (+49) 271-3270. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Present address: Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain...

This paper explores the relationship between output volatility and economic development. We develop a methodology to assess countries’ extent of sectoral diversification. The productive structure of a country tends to be risky when the country (i) specializes in highly volatile sectors, (ii) has high sectoral concentration, and/or (iii) specializes in sectors highly affected by country-specific...

Freeze-tolerant organisms survive internal ice formation; however, the adaptations to repeated freeze-thaw cycles are often not well investigated. Here we report how three geographically different populations of Enchytraeus albidus (Germany, Iceland and Svalbard) respond to three temperature treatments - constant thawed (0°C), constant freezing (-5°C) and fluctuating temperature (0 to -5°C) - o...

Methods We characterized climatic niches for 5784 amphibian species using databases for species distributions and climate. We estimated the niche width of each family using the range of values for climatic variables across all sampled species, and using the mean of species niche widths. We estimated diversification rates for families given their total number of described species and a timecalib...

Whereas in most countries citizenship attribution is regulated at the central level of the state, in Switzerland each municipality is accorded the right to decide who can become a Swiss citizen. As the regulations at the national level are very sparse, even villages of as few as 400 inhabitants are empowered to establish formal procedures and criteria by which its alien residents are to be natu...

This paper considers grooming of low speed traf-c into high speed lightpaths in a WDM based optical ring with a primary goal of reducing the cost of the entire system, which is dominated by the cost of the SONET transmission equipment connected to the optical ring. The paper attempts to enumerate the architectural options provided by SONET to arrive at a cost-eeective solution, including UPSR a...

Network traffic measurements can provide essential data for network research and operation. While Internet traffic has been heavily studied for several years, there are new characteristics of traffic having not been understood well brought by new applications for example P2P. It is difficult to get these traffic metrics due to the difficulty to measurement traffic on line for high speed link an...

Market prices of corporate bond spreads and of credit default swap (CDS) rates do not match each other. In this paper, we argue that the liquidity premium, the cheapest-to-deliver (CTD) option and actual market segmentation explain the pricing differences. Using the European transaction data from Reuters and Bloomberg, we estimate the liquidity premium that is timevarying and firm-specific. We ...

Peer-to-peer networks are useful for the file transferring within the group of peers in the network. But usually files are transferred in slow speed, if the files are larger in size. Also the peers don‟t have much utility within them. In order to enhance the utilities of the individual peers, each peer has to configure with greater CPU power, bandwidth, and storage space. But practically it is ...

Recent data suggest that oxygen limitation may induce moulting in larval insects. This oxygen-dependent induction of moulting (ODIM) hypothesis stems from the fact that the tracheal respiratory system of insects grows primarily at moults, whereas tissue mass increases massively between moults. This may result in a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand at the end of each larval instar becaus...