BACKGROUND Fungal infection of the nail affects millions of people worldwide and has an estimated prevalence of more than 10% of the general population. OBJECTIVES To determinate the prevalence of fungal infection in toenails, in order to decide the treatment policy for onychomycosis. METHODS We evaluated 331 patients with suspected clinical toenail onychomycosis affecting at least two toen...

We analyze a family of extensive-form solution procedures for games with incomplete information that do not require the specification of an epistemic type space à la Harsanyi, but can accommodate a (commonly known) collection of explicit restrictions ∆ on first-order beliefs. For any fixed ∆ we obtain a solution called ∆-rationalizability. In static games, ∆-rationalizability characterizes the ...

Unreflective cognitive processes — or mere information processing — takes place in ‘the space of causes’ while reflection occurs, instead, in the ‘space of reasons’. This characterization, of course, nicely encapsulates the perspectival shift I have been focusing on. Unreflective processes are naturally viewed from a third-person perspective, and so we see them in mechanistic terms: inhabitants...

all the people sometimes in their life become anxious in social situations. social phobia is exaggerated form of these fears. social phobic patients are afraid of being seen. they scared of act somehow that being contemptional or shameful.researchers have found four type of cognitive bias in anxious individuals: attention bias, memory bias, judgment (reasoning) and interpretation bias.one kind ...

The parallel use of multiple pharmacophore models representing different pharmacological targets emerges as an in silico tool for compound activity profiling. This technology allows for the prediction of desired bioactivities together with potential adverse effects of a drug candidate. In thefield of ethnopharmacology,activity profiling can guide the rationalization of traditional drug uses and...

Surprisingly, Bartlett's (1932) famous repeated reproduction experiments, in which he found systematically increasing errors in recall from the same people tested over time, have never been successfully replicated. Several studies have attempted partial replications, which were unsuccessful, and their authors concluded that the original observations might not be replicable. We conducted a study...

The concept of distance rationalizability of social choice rules has been explored in recent years by several authors. We deal here with several foundational questions, and unify, correct, and generalize previous work. For example, we study a new question involving uniqueness of representation in the distance rationalizability framework, and present a counterexample. For rules satisfying variou...

How well do extant diffusion models originating in developed countries explain adoption of information technologies in less developed countries? What is the current status of the literature with respect to public IT policies? The authors explore the literature on public IT policies to answer these questions. Findings indicate that, due to differences in environmental factors, existing models ma...