Foundational controversies in artificial life and artificial intelligence arise from lack of decidable criteria for defining the epistemic cuts that separate knowledge of reality from reality itself, the genetically coded synthesis of proteins. The highly evolved cognitive epistemology of physics requires an epistemic cut between reversible dynamic laws and the irreversible process of measuring...

Background and Objectives: In this paper, a real life nurse scheduling model is described based on the conditions in Iranian hospitals such as monthly shift rotation, consecutive morning and evening shifts and consecutive evening and night shift.   Methods: The developed model considers both hospital constraints and nurses’ preferences. Hospital constraints include assigning adequate qualifie...

Background: Prematurity could result in the long admission of the neonate to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and development of some complications for both mother and newborn. The early discharge programs make the neonatal transference to home much easier and are beneficial to both parents and newborns. However,there are limited studies investigating the real needs of the preterm neonat...