BACKGROUND Although the Netherlands currently has its own procedure for evaluating chemical compounds and setting occupational exposure limits (OELs), most of these limits were originally adopted in the 1970s from threshold limit values (TLVs) set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). However, beginning in the late 1980s, criticism about non-scientific consid...

In digital communication systems, different clock frequencies of transmitter and receiver usually are translated into cycle slips. Receivers and transmitters may experience different sampling frequencies due to manufacturing imperfection, Doppler effect introduced by channel or having error in estimation of symbol rate. Timing synchronization in presence of cycle slip for a burst sequence of re...

great attention in the past years as a means to boost capacity of wireless communication systems. Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver are used to exploit the spatial diversity in a rich scattering environment to concurrently transmit multiple data streams in the same frequency band thereby increasing spectral efficiency. Besides the actual MIMO decoder a significant part of the im...

Synchronization, which is composed of estimation and control, is one of the most important functionalities of the receiver. It must be first performed by the receiver when receiving information data. In an OFDM system, synchronization can be divided into three different parts—carrier frequency offset synchronization, DFT window timing synchronization, and subcarrier recovery. As shown in Sectio...

This paper presents a complete synchronisation scheme of a baseband OFDM receiver for the currently designed 4G mobile communication system. Since the OFDM transmission is vulnerable to time and frequency offsets, accurate estimation of these parameters is one of the most important tasks of the OFDM receiver. In this paper, the design of a single OFDM synchronisation pilot symbol is introduced....

This paper deals with the on-line estimation of a dynamical carrier phase and a frequency offset in a digital receiver. We consider a Brownian phase evolution with a linear drift in a Data Aided scenario. The proposed study is relative to the use of an oversampled signal model after matched filtering, leading to a coloured reception noise and a non-stationary power signal. We derive a closed-fo...

This paper derives new tracking results for adaptive filtering algorithms operating in the presence of two sources of nonstationarities: a carrier frequency offset and random variat.ions. Both impairments are common in digital communications due t,o variations in channel characteristics and to mismatches between transmitter and receiver carrier generators.

The improved convergence speed and tracking properties of fractionally-spaced equalizers are analyzed. We consider in particular the effect of a frequency offset between the transmitter baud rate and the receiver sampling clock that induces important time-variations. We show that a fractionallyspaced equalizer can handle the intersymbol interferences (ISI) induced when the propagation channel d...

This article describes how to analyse radiation-induced effects using traditional RF metrics in Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) be used the implementation of Software-Defined (SDR). The impact Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Single Event Effects (SEE) on device characteristics are shown their consequences for a SDR discussed. analysis is based Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), Carrier Offs...