On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Euler’s birth (on April 15), an attempt is made to bring Euler’s genius to the attention of a broad segment of the educated public. The three stations of his life—Basel, St. Petersburg, and Berlin—are sketched and the principal works identified in more or less chronological order. To convey a flavor of his work and its impact on modern science, a sele...

In 1948, when Norbert Wiener published his path breaking work Cybernetics: Communication and Control in the Animal and the Machine, computer technology was in its infancy. Most computers that were needed to implement his ideas were of analog type, certainly in animals but also in machines. They were barely enough for executing simple algorithms, for example for extrapolating stationary time ser...

Any product of the creative mind of Professor McMurrich is certain to be valuable and interesting. His profound scholarship and his happy faculty of presenting the most recondite material in intriguing and interesting ways is invariably worthwhile and stimulating. Faced with the problem of evaluating the position of Leonardo da Vinci in the science of Anatomv, he has spent ten years in what mus...

Compared with Mozart whose deeply influenced by J.S Bach’s music interpreted the characteristics of music, as “men serve god”. Except for strong religious elements, both Haydn and had experiences employed court musicians making their more ingratiate royalties which is so much different from Beethoven’s realism. “Every rational person can advance society, a genius unhinge world.” Fully expressed...

Mussel adhesive proteins have been suggested as a basis for environmentally friendly adhesives for use in aqueous conditions and in medicine. However, attempts to produce functional and economical recombinant mussel adhesive proteins (mainly foot protein type 1) in several systems have failed. Here, the cDNA coding for Mytilus galloprovincialis foot protein type 5 (Mgfp-5) was isolated for the ...

Natural proteins are often confined within their local microenvironments, such as three-dimensional confinement in organelles or two-dimensional confinement in lipid rafts on cytoplasmic membrane. Spatial confinement restricts proteins' entropic freedom, forces their lateral interaction, and induces new properties that the same proteins lack at the soluble state. So far, the phenomenon of envir...

The αvβ6 integrin is up-regulated in cancer and wound healing but it is not generally expressed in healthy adult tissue. There is increasing evidence that it has a role in cancer progression and will be a useful target for antibody-directed cancer therapies. We report a novel recombinant diabody antibody fragment that targets specifically αvβ6 and blocks its function. The diabody was engineered...

We previously expressed VbhTA constructs for lysate AMPylation assays from the pRSFDuet-1 backbone, a plasmid with two multiple cloning sites that each enable the expression of constructs from a PT7 promoter. Our constructs encoded either the VbhT toxin alone (with an N-terminal hexahistidine (His6-)tag) to be expressed from the first multiple cloning site or had additionally the VbhA antitoxin...

In the presence of a low pH environment, the channel-forming T domain of diphtheria toxin undergoes a conformational change that allows for both its own insertion into planar lipid bilayers and the translocation of the toxin's catalytic domain across them. Given that the T domain contributes only three transmembrane segments, and the channel is permeable to ions as large as glucosamine(+) and N...

Mussel adhesive proteins, including the 20-plus variants of foot protein type 3 (fp-3), have been suggested as potential environmentally friendly adhesives for use in aqueous conditions and in medicine. Here we report the novel production of a recombinant Mytilus galloprovincialis foot protein type 3 variant A (Mgfp-3A) fused with a hexahistidine affinity ligand in Escherichia coli and its appr...