Inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies were rare and usually asymptomatic. Among these, anomalies absence of infra-renal IVC is the rarest anomaly. Absence of infra-renal IVC may present with symptoms of venous insufficiency and idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. Contrast enhanced CT and MRI abdomen play crucial role in diagnosing these anomalies. These patients can be managed conservatively or by ve...

Carbon dioxide angiography is an established non-nephrotoxic option for imaging of the infradiaphragmatic arteries and veins. Safe performance of the technique once required a somewhat cumbersome system, however, recent innovations have simplified implementation and expanded the user base for this technique. As such, patient access has also increased. In this issue, Hameed et al. provide initia...

Sir, We describe a case of Addison's disease caused by bilateral suprarenal haemorrhage in a patient heterozygous for factor V Leiden defect. This is the first reported case of isolated bilateral supra-renal haemorrhage in a patient with this disorder. Because of the unique blood supply of the suprarenal glands, we believe that suprarenal haemorrhage was secondary to venous infarction caused by...

We describe a patient after liver transplantation with a preexisting surgical splenorenal shunt close to the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins and a wide, short communication between the splenic and renal veins. To close the shunt, an inferior vena cava filter was inserted in the shunt and a vascular plug was placed in the splenic vein inside the filter. When this failed t...

Leiomyosarcoma of the vena cava is a rare malignant tumor. A 61-year-old woman was admitted with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed a retrohepatic vena cava tumor originating 2 cm below the confluence of the hepaic veins and ending 2 cm above the renal veins. The tumor was resected with 1 cm clear surgical margins, without requiring liver resection. Polytetrafluor...

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as an interaction of cardiac disease with renal dysfunction that leads to diuretic resistance and renal function worsening, mainly with heart failure (HF) exacerbation. Hemodynamic variables linking heart and kidney are renal blood flow (cardiac output) and perfusion pressure, i.e., the aortic - renal venous pressure gradient. CRS has traditionally been int...