We present an individual based model of evolutionary ecology. The reproduction rate of individuals characterized by their genome depends on the composition of the population in genotype space. Ecological features such as the taxonomy and the macro-evolutionary mode of the dynamics are emergent properties. The macro-dynamics exhibit intermittent two mode switching with a gradually decreasing ext...

Ocean acidification threatens marine organisms continuously. To ascertain if adaptation of species to ocean enhanced over multiple generations, we studied the transgenerational effects on development, reproduction, ingestion rate, and ATPase activity a copepod Tigriopus japonicus Mori, 1938. In first mode, individuals were exposed either one pH levels (8.1 (control), 7.7, 7.3) for five successi...

A compilation and reorgani of reproduction in Sclerca discussed, based on intrat tacular budding, and trans modes are recognized, incl newly described processes tial colony mortality, ase elaboration of the anthobl which solitary Scleractini emphasized, which include cidental fragmentation, pr and transverse division, asexual reproduction emplo analogs in the Actiniaria zation of asex tinia is ...

Baker's Law predicts uniparental reproduction will facilitate colonization success in novel habitats. While evidence supports this prediction among colonizing plants and animals, few studies have investigated shifts in reproductive mode in haplo-diplontic species in which both prolonged haploid and diploid stages separate meiosis and fertilization in time and space. Due to this separation, asex...

In theory, females that reproduce asexually should enjoy a twofold advantage in fitness over sexual females, yet sex remains the predominant mode of reproduction in virtually all eukaryotes. The evolutionary maintenance of sex is especially puzzling in clonal plants because the transition from sexual to exclusively asexual reproduction is an ever-present possibility in these species. In this ar...

Although fundamental to the study of invasion mechanisms, the relationship between mode of reproduction and plant invasion is not well understood. Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), a highly aggressive invasive plant in both Europe and North America, serves as a model species for examining this relationship. In Britain, F. japonica var. japonica is a single female clone reproducing solely t...

The modes of reproduction undoubtedly represent one of the most critical life-history traits because they profoundly affect fitness and survival. The parent-offspring conflict over the degree of parental investment may be the main selective factor in the evolution of reproduction. Although the modes of sexual reproduction are remarkably diversified in animals, the traditional typology spanning ...

Unraveling animal life cycles and embryonic development is basic to understanding animal biology and often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships. A key group for understanding the evolution of the Metazoa is the early branching phylum Placozoa, which has attracted rapidly increasing attention. Despite over a hundred years of placozoan research the life cycle of this enigmatic phylum remains...