Purpose: To provide a brief summary of the paper. Along with the title, this is one of the most important components of a research article. After reading the title, researchers commonly scan the abstract to determine what the authors found, and based on this information they often decide if they will read the rest of the paper. Content: The abstract is written as a mini-paper, i.e., it contains...

This paper presents a method for critically reading a research article. Emphasis is placed on the specific format of the question being asked, the control of variables to ensure internal and external validity, selected basic rules for applying statistics, and the justification for specific conclusions drawn by the investigator. The method is designed to be clinically relevant with the final eva...

The article focuses on linguistic hedging which helps avoid sounding arrogant or too certain of what you state in a research article. relevance the theme is based fact that nowadays increasing number Russian-speaking authors make attempts to publish their articles international journals. Writing papers English language should follow some rules adopted communicative culture. One such using as me...

American book publishing during the Second World War had to cope with a huge increase in demand for books coupled with scarcity of resources, especially paper rationing imposed by the War Production Board. Based on research in the Random House archives and focusing on the Modern Library series, this article examines how publishers coped with wartime challenges and opportunities. Random House gr...