In a lung auscultatory sounds diagnosis, the diagnosis result would be affected by the skill of the doctor, that is, the doctor should discriminate a lung sounds by own subjective, since standard diagnosis procedure with objectivity has not been established yet. In many cases of the lung sounds diagnosis, the existence of features, which are called adventitious sounds, are important key. The ad...

Respiratory activity may have an influence on craniofacial development and interact with genetic and environmental factors. It has been suggested that certain medical conditions such as asthma have an influence on face shape. The aim of the study is to investigate whether facial shape is different in individuals diagnosed as having asthma compared with controls. Study design included observatio...

The prevalence of asthma in children has increased substantially in many countries in recent decades, but it is not clear how much this trend has continued into the 1990s. This study aimed to estimate the current prevalence of asthma and wheeze in British primary schoolchildren and to determine whether there has been any increase in the prevalence of these conditions since 1988. The prevalence ...

BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D might be implicated in asthma pathophysiology. This study aims to compare Vitamin D mean serum levels and status between asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents and investigate the association of vitamin D with asthma severity. METHODS In a cohort of adolescents aged 16-17 years, those reporting wheezing in the past 12 months and Ever asthm...

BACKGROUND Most of the studies investigating the prevalence of asthma in various countries have focused on children below the age of 15 years or adults above the age of 18 years. There is limited knowledge concerning the prevalence of asthma in 16- to 18-year-old adolescents. Our objective was to study the prevalence of asthma and associated symptoms in 16- to 18-year-old adolescents in Saudi A...

From the paediatric point of view, we have undertaken two Delphi studies into bronchial asthma. The first is related to the consensus known as the consensus document of the five associations. The second is more recent and has been undertaken with GEMA (the Spanish Guidelines on the Management of Asthma). The aim of this paper is to carry out a descriptive study comparing the 2 Delphi processes ...

There has been an increase in asthma prevalence among children. Little evidence is available regarding long-term changes in asthma prevalence in adults. Two cross-sectional studies were performed among adults aged 15-70 yrs in Oslo, Norway, in 1972 and again in 1998-1999 (n=39,998). A postal self-completed questionnaire was used. Exactly the same questions and survey methods were used in both s...

BACKGROUND In settings in which diseases wax and wane, there is a need to measure disease dynamics in longitudinal studies. Traditional measures of disease occurrence (eg, cumulative incidence) do not address change or stability or are limited to stable cohorts (eg, incidence) and may thus lead to erroneous conclusions. To illustrate how different measures can be used to detect disease dynamics...

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis in adolescents (13-14 years of age) in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2010, comparing the results with those obtained in a prevalence survey conducted in 2006-2007. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving probabilistic samples of 3,015 and 3,020 adolescents in surveys conducted in 2006-2007 and 2010, respectively. The ...

Ocean acoustic tomography (OAT) is a powerful tool that can estimate the structure of sound speed (mainly proportional to temperature) and current in the ocean (Munk et al., 1995). Other than coastal sea studies (e.g., Park and Kaneko, 2000), most previous experiments have been carried out in the open ocean, characterized with a full structure of the underwater sound channel (Worcester, 1985; C...