Abstract Using newly collected data on death rates and aerial victories of more than 5,000 German fighter pilots during World War II, we examine the effects public recognition performance risk-taking. When a particular pilot is honoured publicly, both victory rate his former peers increase. Fellow react if they come from same region Germany, or worked closely with him. Our results suggest that ...

A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards significantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d = -0.40, -0.36, and -0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and complet...

Professionals can be rewarded in different ways. The most common type of reward is provided by the market, that is, by successfully selling one’s products or services to consumers. In professional fields dealing with the production of knowledge, art, et cetera, market success is usually just one type of reward for professionals and not necessarily the most important one. Especially recognition ...

Background: Skin cancers are among the most prevalent malignancies in Iran. According to statistics, it is the most common cancer in the population of Ilam, west of Iran. The present study aimed to assess threat appraisal of skin cancer among rural farmers of Ilam in 2013-2014.Method: In this cross-sectional study, we used multistage random sampling. We collected the data through distribution o...