BACKGROUND The Cochrane risk of bias tool is a prominent instrument used to evaluate potential biases in clinical trials. In three updates of our Cochrane review on neuraminidase inhibitors, we assessed risk of bias on the same trials using different levels of detail: the trials in journal publications, in core reports, and in full clinical study reports. Here we analyse whether progressively g...

OBJECTIVE To quantify bias related to specific methodological characteristics in child-relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). DESIGN Meta-epidemiological study. DATA SOURCES We identified systematic reviews containing a meta-analysis with 10-40 RCTs that were relevant to child health in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assesse...

Background and Aims: The interpretation bias which is an important factor in the pathology of social anxiety disorder, has been recently considered in therapeutic approaches. Given the importance of interpretation bias in the treatment of social anxiety, and despite the ambiguity in the relationship between social anxiety and interpretation bias, we compared the interpretation bias in individua...

et al in their study in 2001 randomly assigned 263 patients admitted to emergency department with severe sepsis or septic shock to receive either six hours of early goal-directed therapy (egdt) or standard therapy before admission to the intensive care. 130 were randomly assigned to egdt and 133 to standard therapy. demographic characteristic of patients were the same, but in hospital mortality...

Background Existing observational studies provide conflicting evidence for the causal effect of metformin use on cancer risk in patients with type-2 diabetes, and there are concerns about bias affecting a number of studies. Methods MEDLINE was used to identify observational studies investigating the association between metformin and overall or site-specific cancer in people with type-2 diabet...

The purpose of this chapter is (i) to describe some currently available analytical methods for using individual level epidemiological data to estimate the impact of multiple risk factor interventions on health and (ii) to carefully review the conditions under which these methods deliver unbiased estimates of impact. The chapter is organized as follows. In sections 2 and 3, we discuss estimation...

In the electromagnetic spectrum, structural damage to living tissues per unit of absorbed energy tends to increase with the decrease of a wavelength which is evident not only for ultraviolet and ionizing radiation but also for the infrared and visible light. By causing thermal damage after absorbing energies that would be harmless for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), tissues are eve...

background: although physical activity (pa) has long been associated with cardiovascular disease (cvd), assessment of pa status has never been used as a part of cvd risk prediction tools. the aim of the present work was to examine whether the inclusion of pa status in a cvd risk model improves its predictive accuracy. methods: data from the 10‑year follow‑up (2002–2012) of the n = 2020 particip...

Background: Maternal health is essential for the growth and development of the child.  Mothers' depression can cause great harm to their children. Many studies have investigated stunting in children and its relationship with maternal depression. However, these studies have yielded different results. This systematic review aims to answer the question of "what is the relationship between maternal...