The complete resection for NSCLC is analyzed through the study of a series of retrospective surgical reports upon the incomplete resection, due to a microscopic residual tumor at the resection margin. Following Shields’ statement in 1974, the incomplete resection represents, in fact, the basic study protocol for the local recurrence following the resection of primary NSCLC. First of all, the ob...

Safety assessments of technological systems, such as nuclear power plants, chemical process facilities, and hazardous waste repositories, require the investigation of the occurrence and consequences of rare events. The subjectivistic (Bayesian) theory of probability is the appropriate framework within which expert opinions, which are essential to the quantification process, can be combined with...

INTRODUCTION: Corps of Engineers planners have been required to consider risk and uncertainty since the Principles and Standards Act of 1972. The Actions for Change are increasing the Corps of Engineers’ reliance on risk-informed analysis and decision making. An informal review of the Corps’ experience with ecosystem restoration plans has shown few, if any, systematic efforts to address the oft...

INTRODUCTION: Corps of Engineers planners have been required to consider risk and uncertainty since the Principles and Standards Act of 1972. The Actions for Change are increasing the Corps of Engineers’ reliance on risk-informed analysis and decision making. An informal review of the Corps’ experience with ecosystem restoration plans has shown few, if any, systematic efforts to address the oft...

For a start, although integral dose is generally assumed to be improved by the use of higher energy photons, there is concern that some treatment planning systems might not effectively model the “beam narrowing” at depth observed with high energy photons in the small radiation beamlets encountered in IMRT. This phenomenon is caused by lateral beam degradation due to penumbra widening (8); when ...

BACKGROUND Projections of health risks of climate change are surrounded with uncertainties in knowledge. Understanding of these uncertainties will help the selection of appropriate adaptation policies. METHODS We made an inventory of conceivable health impacts of climate change, explored the type and level of uncertainty for each impact, and discussed its implications for adaptation policy. A...

Flood disaster mitigation strategies should be based on a comprehensive assessment of the flood risk combined with a thorough investigation of the uncertainties associated with the risk assessment procedure. Within the ‘German Research Network of Natural Disasters’ (DFNK) the working group ‘Flood Risk Analysis’ investigated the flood process chain from precipitation, runoff generation and conce...

Background: Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) is a useful hybrid imaging modality in the diagnosis of various malignancies. This modality imposes almost 20 mSv radiation dose to the patient. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the uncertainties in calculated CT effective dose in TUBE CURRENT MODULATION-activated scans by Impact-Dose software.  Materials and ...

This paper synthesizes available information on five Category A pathogens (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Variola major and Lassa) to develop quantitative guidelines for how environmental pathogen concentrations may be related to human health risk in an indoor environment. An integrated model of environmental transport and human health exposure to biological pathog...