Brachydactyly type B (BDB1) and Robinow syndrome (RRS) are two skeletal disorders caused by mutations in ROR2, a co-receptor of Wnt5a. Wnt5a/Ror2 can activate multiple branches of non-canonical Wnt signaling, but it is unclear which branch(es) mediates Wnt5a/Ror2 function in limb skeletal development. Here, we provide evidence implicating the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway as the downstream...

OBJECTIVE To study the incidence, patient and event characteristics, and outcome of rapid response system (RRS) activation on an in-hospital haemodialysis unit. DESIGN Retrospective review of all RRS events on an in-hospital 10-bed haemodialysis unit over a 64-month period (November 2001 to February 2007). SETTING University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, a 730-bed acad...

α-Tocopherol is the principal source of vitamin E, an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy brain function. Infant formula is routinely supplemented with synthetic α-tocopherol, a racaemic mixture of eight stereoisomers with less bioactivity than the natural stereoisomer RRR-α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol stereoisomer profiles have not been previously reported in the h...

The ultrathin sectioning technique, developed since the invention of the electron microscope, made it possible to study the finer structures of microorganisms. Cytological studies using the electron microscope have been made by Hillier et al. (1949), Robinow (1953), Chapman and Hillier (1953), Tsujita et al. (1954), Maal0e et al. (1953a, 1953b), Higashi (1953), Tsuda et al. (1954), and Tsuda (1...

BACKGROUND The modular approach to analysis of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) relies on the independence of the modules combined (i.e. DNA extraction and GM quantification). The validity of this assumption has to be proved on the basis of specific performance criteria. RESULTS An experiment was conducted using, as a reference, the validated quantitative real-time polymerase chain react...

It is well known that interfacial structures and charge transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells are extremely important for the enhancement of cell efficiency. Here, the normal Raman spectra (NRS) and resonance Raman spectra (RRS) of a C343-sensitized TiO2 cluster (Ti9O18) are theoretically predicted from combined electronic structure calculations and a vibrationally-resolved spectral method to ...

BACKGROUND Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) has been suggested as a feasible method for noninvasive carotenoid measurement of human skin. However, before RRS measures of dermal carotenoids can be used as a biomarker, data on intra- and intersubject variability and validity are needed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of RRS measures of der...

BACKGROUND The psychometric properties of the Revised Restraint Scale (RRS) have been well established in western populations but not in Chinese adolescents. PURPOSE This study investigated the psychometric properties of RRS and its validity in different subgroups for Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. METHOD In 2007, 909 Hong Kong students aged 12 to 18 years (55.3% boys) completed a questionn...