Teachers’ verbal treatment of rubrics generally indicate that teachers override the rubric in a number ways students’ preferred access strategies revealed reading themselves is utilized strategy ranked after teacher paraphrase and teacher-generated examples. According to author's past current studies on rubrics, there no guarantee will be used or required way they were intended. Research focusi...

Students’ activities in game/scenario-based tasks (G/SBTs) can be characterized by a sequence of time-stamped actions of different types with different attributes. For a subset of G/SBTs in which only the order of the actions is of great interest, the process data can be well characterized as a string of characters (i.e., action string) if we encode each action name as a single character. In th...