one of the thinkers¨ demands for governments is to take due care of the social rights of citizens thus far. no doubt, imam `ali (a.s.), as a muslim ruler, concentrated on maintaining man¨s rights both in theory and in practice. this article refers to the relationship between the right and the duty from imam ali¨s viewpoint, studies the foundations of man¨s rights and duties and discusses imam a...

Depictive expressions of thought predate written language by thousands of years. They have evolved in communities through a kind of informal user testing that has refined them. Analyzing common visual communications reveals consistencies that illuminate how people think as well as guide design; the process can be brought into the laboratory and accelerated. Like language, visual communications ...

The studies reported here have been concerned with the programming of a digital computer to behave in a way which, if done by human beings or animals, would be described as involving the process of learning. While this is not the place to dwell on the importance of machine-learning procedures, or to discourse on the philosophical aspects,1 there is obviously a very large amount of work, now don...

This is a case study in problem-solving, representing part of a program of research on complex information-processingsystems. We have specified a system for finding proofs of theorems in elementary symbolic logic, and by programming a computer to these specifications, have obtained empirical data on the problem-solving process in elementary logic. The program is called the Logic Theory Machine ...

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power, security, and liberty, considered as the objectives of political sovereignty by some scholars, are also incorporated in naraghi's conception of justice. in his view, political power is a mere instrument for the application of justice, and providing security is a major function of state and can be maintained only in the light of justice. the citizens and members of the islamic societ...