Vasopressin antagonists increase the serum sodium concentration in patients who have euvolemia and hypervolemia with hyponatremia in the short term (</=30 days), but their safety and efficacy with longer term administration is unknown. SALTWATER was a multicenter, open-label extension of the Study of Ascending Levels of Tolvaptan in Hyponatremia (SALT-1 and SALT-2). In total, 111 patients with ...

The main management challenge in coastal aquifers is to prevent saltwater intrusion, ensuring ample freshwater supply. Saltwater intrusion happens due unregulated pumping from production wells. Therefore, it essential have an effective policy, which ensures the requisite amount of be withdrawn without causing intrusion. A methodology for optimizing well locations and maximizing wells presented ...

in aquatic ecosystems, pollutants including heavy metals cause pathological alternations in fishes. as, the impacts of pollutants are affected by chemical properties of water, this study was conducted to compare the histopathological effects of two heavy metals as and cd on gill structure of aphanius sophiae. a total of 350 specimens were collected from the shoor river of eshtehard during the s...

in the last decade, the water level of urmia lake has experienced a dramatically drop. although the causes of this lose have been investigated, the significance of groundwater supplies had not been concerned so much. in the present research, groundwater resources around the lake were explored as its water supplier. the number of wells and groundwater withdrawal has been increased because of cul...

Measuring salinity of water at different depths along six transacts at the mouth of the wetland and along five tributaries connecting the wetland to the sea the extent of Caspian Sea penetration into Anzali Wetland was determined. The results demonstrated a depth-dependent salinity gradient extending up to 10 kilometres into the wetland. A pattern of saltwater and freshwater interface is presen...

The accumulation of sediment in aquatic environments can lead to an increase flood risk due raised floodplains and water levels. Electromagnetic modeling techniques, such as Time Domain (TDEM) resistivity or lithological conductivity contrast, be utilized detect changes the subsurface. In this study, we investigated use TDEM hazard mitigation schemes by developing a 1-D forward program for cent...

Most salmonid taxa have an anadromous life history strategy, whereby fish migrate to saltwater habitats for a growth period before returning to freshwater habitats for spawning. Moreover, several species are characterized by different life history tactics whereby resident and anadromous forms may occur in genetically differentiated populations within a same species, as well as polymorphism with...

The site under study covers an area of 273 km in the Oristano plain on the west coast of Sardinia (Italy). Since 1950 the plain, formed during the Quaternary by alluvial deposits, has been under intensive cultivation and is an important dairy farming centre. In the coastal region, the large number of wells (25,000 tapped and not) some very close to each other, has resulted in over-exploitation ...