We investigate the sensitivity of a coarse resolution coupled climate model to the representation of the overflows over the Greenland–Scotland ridge. This class of models suffers from a poor representation of the water mass exchange between the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic, a crucial part of the large-scale oceanic circulation. We revisit the explicit representation of the overflows using...

The Pleistocene glaciations represent the most recent and dramatic series of habitat changes since the Cretaceous. The impact of these events was particularly acute for aquatic taxa with poor powers of dispersal, but few organisms have evolutionary histories more intimately entwined with the advance and retreat of ice than the 'glacial relicts'. In this study, we used a mitochondrial gene, cyto...

A previously published hydrothermal brine-river water mixing model driven by ocean crust production suggests that the molar Mg/Ca ratio of seawater (mMg/Ca(sw)) has varied significantly (approximately 1.0-5.2) over Precambrian time, resulting in six intervals of aragonite-favouring seas (mMg/Ca(sw) > 2) and five intervals of calcite-favouring seas (mMg/Ca(sw) < 2) since the Late Archaean. To ev...

The eastern Bering Sea and the Barents Sea share a number of common biophysical characteristics. For example, both are seasonally ice-covered, high-latitude, shelf seas, dependent on advection for heat and for replenishment of nutrients on their shelves, and with ecosystems dominated by a single species of gadoid fish. At the same time, they differ in important respects. In the Barents Sea, adv...

North Atlantic Water (NAW) plays a central role in the ocean climate of the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean. Whereas the pathways of the NAW in the Nordic Seas are mostly known, those into the Arctic Ocean are yet to be fully understood. To elucidate these routes the results of a high-resolution global coupled ice-ocean model are used. We demonstrate that in 1989 2004 the NAW inflow was equally di...

Linking China’s interest in the maritime waters arises from the geo-strategic importance of Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) vital to the oil supply of the country. China is building strategic relationships and developing a naval capability to establish a forward presence along the SLOCs that connect China to the Middle East and to Africa. The entire stretch includes South China Sea, Indian ...

In the annals of federal-state relations, the Great Lakes are unique. Their waters variously constitute navigable waterways, state boundaries, an international boundary, and most important for our purposes, "the high seas." 1 The federal government and adjoining states assert concurrent criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed on Great Lakes waters• As one might expect, the legal fiction o...

Australian Bureau of Statistics This paper represents work in progress and does not necessarily reflect the final approach which the ABS will adopt. Executive Summary This paper reports work in progress on a project called Quality Measures for Systems of Economic Accounts (QMSEA). The distinctive features of QMSEA are that it-Is designed to review whether present and future systems of economic ...

Introduction: Eolian dune fields found within Ti-tan's equatorial region between +30° latitude cover approximately 15-17% of the moon's surface [1]. These dominantly linear dunes are similar in form, size, and radar reflectivity to the large dunes of the Namib, Saharan, Saudi Arabian, and Australian deserts [2][3]. Earth analog studies indicate that the presence of linear dunes suggests adequat...

The author introduces overpartitions and particle seas as a generalization of partitions. Both new tools are used in bijective proofs of basic hypergeometric identities like the q-binomial theorem, Jacobi’s triple product, q-Gauß equality or even Ramanujan’s 1Ψ1 summation. 1. Partitions In 1969, G. E. Andrews was already looking for bijective proofs for some basic hypergeometric identities. The...