The sensor network paradigm uses multiple autonomous sensor nodes to cooperatively construct an ad hoc computational entity. The authors have implemented applications using this approach with a network of sensor prototypes. In the paper, entity tracking is described as a two-tier process: (i) clusters of nodes locally estimate parameters used in entity tracking (i.e. time, class, position, and ...

I. INTRODUCTION The architecture of two-tiered sensor networks (illustrated in Fig. 1), where storage nodes serve as an intermediate tier between sensors and a sink for storing data and processing queries, has been widely adopted because of power and storage saving for sensors as well as the efficiency of query processing. However, a compromised storage node imposes significant threats. First, ...

The results of French intake estimates for 13 food additives prioritized by the methods proposed in the 2001 Report from the European Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake in the European Union are reported. These 13 additives were selected using the first and second tiers of the three-tier approach. The first tier was based on theoretical food consumption data and the maximum permitted le...

The first tier of the test battery is an olfactory screening test consisting of a 12-odor identification test. This test discriminates anosmia from hyposmia and normosmia. As a second tier, the Threshold–Discrimination–Identification Test offers a more extensive analysis of olfactory deficits (TDI score, Sniffin’ Sticks). A growing pool of normative data (Kobal et al., 2000) is now available an...

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of the Automatic External Defibrillation (AED) device in an urban, two-tiered Emergency Medical Service (EMS) response setting with regard to its potential effects on cardiac arrest patient survival and neurologic outcome. METHODS A retrospective and descriptive design was utilized to study all cardiac arrest patients that had resuscitations attempted in the preh...

As companies race to transform their businesses into e-businesses, they are discovering that the transformation process is not always straightforward. The IBM Application Framework for e-business (the Framework) is a means for achieving business transformation and a foundation framework for developing and extending e-business processes and applications. This paper describes the Framework, showi...

Abstract Metro is being developed rapidly in second-tier cities. There a need to understand the impact it brings as relates planning and management of whole urban transportation system. In this paper, we applied multilayer complex network theory study problem by contrasting characteristics networks before after metro built. We focused on cities (1) proposed edge functions road subnetwork rail t...

The most reliable test method for the serological confirmation of Lyme disease (LD) is a 2-tier method recommended by the CDC in 1995. The first-tier test is a low-specificity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the second-tier tests are higher-specificity IgG and IgM Western blots. This study describes the selection of two Borrelia burgdorferi recombinant proteins and evaluation of ...

PURPOSE This study assessed the effectiveness of a Tier 2 intervention that was designed to increase the phonemic awareness skills of low-income preschoolers who were enrolled in Early Reading First classrooms. METHOD Thirty-four preschoolers participated in a multiple baseline across participants treatment design. Tier 2 intervention for beginning sound awareness was provided twice weekly in...

A simple programmable Java platform-independent distributed computation system has been developed to exploit the free resources on computers linked together by a network. It is a multi-tiered distributed system model, which is unbounded in principal. The system consists of an n-ary tree of nodes where the internal nodes perform the scheduling and the leaves do the processing. The scheduler node...